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Topic Review
Genistein’s Effects in Preclinical Models of Cervical Cancer
Cervical cancer is the fourth most commonly diagnosed cancer among women worldwide. While treatments exist to stop growth of cervical cancer in humans, they are often associated with major side effects and the development of resistance to therapy. Traditionally, plant-derived compounds have been used to treat many ailments, including cancer. The search for novel plant-derived chemicals is important, as they can potentially provide effective treatment with less severe side effects and importantly overcome drug resistance. Genistein and its analogues have been shown to decrease survival and proliferation as well as induce cell death in cell culture models of cervical cancer and reduce tumor volume in a mouse model. 
  • 139
  • 27 Dec 2023
Topic Review
CRISPR/Cas-Based Cell Therapy for Type 1 Diabetes
Type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1D) is an autoimmune disease caused by the destruction of insulin-producing β-cells in the pancreas by cytotoxic T-cells. To date, there are no drugs that can prevent the development of T1D. Insulin replacement therapy is the standard care for patients with T1D. This treatment is life-saving, but is expensive, can lead to acute and long-term complications, and results in reduced overall life expectancy. This has stimulated the research and development of alternative treatments for T1D. In this research, potential therapies for T1D are considered using cellular regenerative medicine approaches with a focus on CRISPR/Cas-engineered cellular products. However, CRISPR/Cas as a genome editing tool has several drawbacks that should be considered for safe and efficient cell engineering. In addition, cellular engineering approaches themselves pose a hidden threat. The purpose of this research is to critically discuss novel strategies for the treatment of T1D using genome editing technology. 
  • 197
  • 26 Dec 2023
Topic Review
Metastasis-Initiating Cells
Ovarian cancer is the deadliest gynecological malignancy with a high prevalence of transcoelomic metastasis. Metastasis is a multi-step process and only a small percentage of cancer cells, metastasis-initiating cells (MICs), have the capacity to finally establish metastatic lesions. These MICs maintain a certain level of stemness that allows them to differentiate into other cell types with distinct transcriptomic profiles and swiftly adapt to external stresses. Furthermore, they can coordinate with the microenvironment, through reciprocal interactions, to invade and establish metastases. Therefore, identifying, characterizing, and targeting MICs is a promising strategy to counter the spread of ovarian cancer. 
  • 247
  • 22 Dec 2023
Topic Review
Role of p53 in Nanoparticle-Based Therapy for Cancer
p53 is arguably one of the most important tumor suppressor genes in humans. Due to the paramount importance of p53 in the onset of cell cycle arrest and apoptosis, the p53 gene is found either silenced or mutated in the vast majority of cancers. Furthermore, activated wild-type p53 exhibits a strong bystander effect, thereby activating apoptosis in surrounding cells without being physically present there. For these reasons, p53-targeted therapy that is designed to restore the function of wild-type p53 in cancer cells seems to be a very appealing therapeutic approach. Systemic delivery of p53-coding DNA or RNA using nanoparticles proved to be feasible both in vitro and in vivo. 
  • 152
  • 22 Dec 2023
Topic Review
mtUPR for the Treatment of Mitochondrial Diseases
Mitochondria play a key role in cellular functions, including energy production and oxidative stress regulation. For this reason, maintaining mitochondrial homeostasis and proteostasis (homeostasis of the proteome) is essential for cellular health. Therefore, there are different mitochondrial quality control mechanisms, such as mitochondrial biogenesis, mitochondrial dynamics, mitochondrial-derived vesicles (MDVs), mitophagy, or mitochondrial unfolded protein response (mtUPR). The last item is a stress response that occurs when stress is present within mitochondria and, especially, when the accumulation of unfolded and misfolded proteins in the mitochondrial matrix surpasses the folding capacity of the mitochondrion. In response to this, molecular chaperones and proteases as well as the mitochondrial antioxidant system are activated to restore mitochondrial proteostasis and cellular function. In disease contexts, mtUPR modulation holds therapeutic potential by mitigating mitochondrial dysfunction. In particular, in the case of neurodegenerative diseases, such as primary mitochondrial diseases, Alzheimer’s disease (AD), Parkinson’s disease (PD), Huntington’s disease (HD), Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS), or Friedreich’s Ataxia (FA), there is a wealth of evidence demonstrating that the modulation of mtUPR helps to reduce neurodegeneration and its associated symptoms in various cellular and animal models. 
  • 327
  • 19 Dec 2023
Topic Review
Modelling Meningioma Using Organoids
Meningiomas are the most common tumours of the central nervous system. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), this disease is classified into three different grades: 80% of meningioma patients present with benign grade I tumours, while less than 2% present with malignant grade III meningiomas. Despite affecting thousands of people worldwide, much remains unknown about this disease, and the development of systemic treatments is still far behind in comparison to other types of tumours. Therefore, forming 3D structures (spheroids and organoids) could facilitate research on the mechanisms of formation, proliferation, migration, and invasion of these, for the most part, benign tumours, while also helping in the process of drug development. To date, there are three published methods for the formation of meningioma organoids primarily derived from patient tissue samples. Organoids offer many advantages in the development of treatments because they recapitulate the cellular complexity within tumours. These new methodological advances could open a substantial number of possibilities for the further characterisation and treatment of meningiomas.
  • 323
  • 18 Dec 2023
Topic Review
TFEB-Induced Autophagy's Regulation during Mtb Infection and Starvation
Through the promotion of phagolysosome formation, autophagy has emerged as a crucial mechanism to eradicate intracellular Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb). A cell-autonomous host defense mechanism called lysosome biogenesis and autophagy transports cytoplasmic cargos and bacterial phagosomes to lysosomes for destruction during infection. Similar occurrences occurred in stressful or starvation circumstances and led to autophagy, which is harmful to the cell. It is interesting to note that under both hunger and infection states, the transcription factor EB (TFEB) acts as a master regulator of lysosomal activities and autophagy. 
  • 192
  • 18 Dec 2023
Topic Review
Role of Prion Protein in Retinal Allostasis
In the early stages of Alzheimer–Perusini’s disease (AD), individuals often experience vision-related issues such as color vision impairment, reduced contrast sensitivity, and visual acuity problems. As the disease progresses, there is a connection with glaucoma and age-related macular degeneration (AMD) leading to retinal cell death. The retina’s involvement suggests a link with the hippocampus, where most AD forms start. A thinning of the retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) due to the loss of retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) is seen as a potential AD diagnostic marker using electroretinography (ERG) and optical coherence tomography (OCT). Amyloid beta fragments (Aβ), found in the eye’s vitreous and aqueous humor, are also present in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and accumulate in the retina. Aβ is known to cause tau hyperphosphorylation, leading to its buildup in various retinal layers.
  • 156
  • 18 Dec 2023
Topic Review
Resistance to Immunotherapy in Oral Malignant Melanoma
Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs), including anti-cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated protein 4 (CTLA-4) and anti-programmed death-1 (PD-1) antibodies, have initiated a new era in the treatment of malignant melanoma.
  • 166
  • 14 Dec 2023
Topic Review
Conditioned Media from Radioresistant and Chemoresistant Cancer Cells
Chemoradiation therapy (CRT) is a commonly indicated treatment in the case of cancer. In combination with surgery or alone, it offers a relief of condition or even a cure for some patients. Resistance to chemo- or radiotherapy is the main obstacle to consistent treatment outcomes in oncology patients.
  • 101
  • 13 Dec 2023
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