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Topic Review
Critical Functions of PHB2
The prohibitin (PHB) gene was initially found to be antiproliferative and able to inhibit the initiation of DNA synthesis in rat liver in 1989. The human homologue (later to be known as PHB1) was then identified, cloned, and mapped to the human chromosome 17q21. In 1994, another member of prohibitin, PHB2, was discovered on chromosome 12p13 when two proteins were found to associate with the IgM antigen receptor of B lymphocytes.
  • 293
  • 04 May 2023
Topic Review
Inorganic Polyphosphate
Inorganic polyphosphate (polyP), a simple anionic polymer consisting of even hundreds of orthophosphate units, is a universal molecule present in both simple and complex organisms. PolyP controls homeostatic processes in animals, such as blood coagulation, tissue regeneration, and energy metabolism. Furthermore, this polymer is a potent regulator of inflammation and influences host immune response in bacterial and viral infections. Disturbed polyP systems have been related to several pathological conditions, including neurodegeneration, cardiovascular disorders, and cancer, but researchers lack a full understanding of polyP biogenesis and mechanistic insights into the pathways through which polyP may act.
  • 356
  • 28 Apr 2023
Topic Review
Potential Use of MitoEVs as Diagnostic Markers
Similar to other subtypes of EVs (extracellular vesicles), MitoEVs (mitochondrial extracellular vesicles) are altered in several diseases, including cancer, neurodegenerative disorders, and cardiovascular disease. MitoEVs contain a variety of molecular components from releasing cells, including proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids, which may serve as indicators of disease status.
  • 262
  • 27 Apr 2023
Topic Review
Paraoxonases in Neurological Disorders
Paraoxonase enzymes serve as an important physiological redox system that participates in the protection against cellular injury caused by oxidative stress. The PON enzyme family consists of three members (PON-1, PON-2, and PON-3) that share a similar structure and location as a cluster on human chromosome 7. These enzymes exhibit anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties with well-described roles in preventing cardiovascular disease. Perturbations in PON enzyme levels and their activity have also been linked with the development and progression of many neurological disorders and neurodegenerative diseases.
  • 216
  • 27 Apr 2023
Topic Review
Post-Translational Modifications in Regulation of NLRP3 Inflammasome Activation
Pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) and danger-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) induce NLRP3 inflammasome activation, and subsequent formation of active caspase-1 as well as the maturation of interleukin-1β (IL-1β) and gasdermin D (GSDMD), mediating the occurrence of pyroptosis and inflammation. Aberrant NLRP3 inflammasome activation causes a variety of diseases. Therefore, the NLRP3 inflammasome pathway is a target for prevention and treatment of relative diseases. 
  • 418
  • 26 Apr 2023
Topic Review
RUNX2 and Cancer
Runt-related transcription factor 2 (RUNX2) is critical for the modulation of chondrocyte osteoblast differentiation and hypertrophy. Recently discovered RUNX2 somatic mutations, expressional signatures of RUNX2 in normal tissues and tumors, and the prognostic and clinical significance of RUNX2 in many types of cancer have attracted attention and led RUNX2 to be considered a biomarker for cancer. Many discoveries have illustrated the indirect and direct biological functions of RUNX2 in orchestrating cancer stemness, cancer metastasis, angiogenesis, proliferation, and chemoresistance to anticancer compounds, warranting further exploration of the associated mechanisms to support the development of a novel therapeutic strategy. 
  • 301
  • 25 Apr 2023
Topic Review
Tumor Suppressor miRNAs in Breast Cancer
The death rate from breast cancer (BC) has dropped due to early detection and sophisticated therapeutic options, yet drug resistance and relapse remain barriers to effective, systematic treatment. Multiple mechanisms underlying miRNAs appear crucial in practically every aspect of cancer progression, including carcinogenesis, metastasis, and drug resistance, as evidenced by the elucidation of drug resistance. 
  • 544
  • 24 Apr 2023
Topic Review
Microbiota-Derived Short-Chain Fatty Acids in Colorectal Cancer Therapy
Microbiota-derived short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), namely acetate, butyrate, and propionate, have the ability to modulate the tumor microenvironment in distinct ways. SCFAs promote immune cell differentiation, downregulate the expression of pro-inflammatory mediators, and restrict the tumor-induced angiogenesis. SCFAs also sustain the integrity of basement membranes and modulate the intestinal pH. Colorectal cancer (CRC) patients have lower concentrations of SCFAs than healthy individuals. Increasing the production of SCFAs through the manipulation of the gut microbiota could constitute an important therapeutic strategy towards CRC due to their antitumorigenic effect and ability of modulating tumor microenvironment.
  • 345
  • 23 Apr 2023
Topic Review
Palmitoylation in Aging and Diseases with Cognitive Decline
Protein lipidation is a common post-translational modification of proteins that plays an important role in human physiology and pathology. One form of protein lipidation, S-palmitoylation, involves the addition of a 16-carbon fatty acid (palmitate) onto proteins. This reversible modification may affect the regulation of protein trafficking and stability in membranes. From multiple experimental studies, a picture emerges whereby protein S-palmitoylation is a ubiquitous yet discrete molecular switch enabling the expansion of protein functions and subcellular localization in minutes to hours. Neural tissue is particularly rich in proteins that are regulated by S-palmitoylation.
  • 323
  • 23 Apr 2023
Topic Review
Nuclei-Based Methods on Next-Generation Sequencing
Nuclei-based methods have become increasingly popular in the study of gene expression, epigenetics, and chromatin structure. To ensure the acquisition of biologically meaningful data, it is important to consider the available methodologies, future direction, and potential challenges and utilize improved designs and appropriate experimental strategies.
  • 478
  • 21 Apr 2023
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