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Topic Review
Targeting CDK9 for Glioblastoma Treatment
Glioblastoma is the most common and aggressive primary malignant brain tumor, and more than two-thirds of patients with glioblastoma die within two years of diagnosis. The challenges of treating this disease mainly include genetic and microenvironmental features that often render the tumor resistant to treatments. Despite extensive research efforts, only a small number of drugs tested in clinical trials have become therapies for patients. Targeting cyclin-dependent kinase 9 (CDK9) is an emerging therapeutic approach that has the potential to overcome the challenges in glioblastoma management.
  • 805
  • 02 Jul 2021
Topic Review
Targeting CDK4/6 for Anticancer Therapy
Cyclin-dependent kinase 4/6 (CDK4/6) are key regulators of the cell cycle and are deemed as critical therapeutic targets of multiple cancers. Various approaches have been applied to silence CDK4/6 at different levels, i.e., CRISPR to knock out at the DNA level, siRNA to inhibit translation, and drugs that target the protein of interest. Here we summarize the current status in this field, highlighting the mechanisms of small molecular inhibitors treatment and drug resistance.
  • 666
  • 12 Apr 2022
Topic Review
Targeting Akt in Treating Head and Neck Cancer
When Akt, a signalling protein, is activated by different growth factors such as epidermal growth factor, transforming growth factor α/β, vascular endothelial growth factor and nerve growth factor, head and neck cancer cell spreading is stimulated. Tumour microenvironment plays an important role in cancer spreading by synthesising and secreting growth factors and suggests that targeting growth-factor-activated Akt in combination therapy could be a valuable therapeutic approach in treating head and neck cancer patients. 
  • 352
  • 31 May 2022
Topic Review
Tannery Wastewater
Las aguas residuales de las curtidurías son producto de un proceso de transformación de materia orgánica a materia no degradable, que requiere la adición de compuestos y aditivos que permitan dicha transformación, generando a su vez residuos altamente contaminantes no solo para la salud humana, sino también para el medio ambiente.
  • 585
  • 01 Jun 2021
Topic Review
TAL Effector
TAL (transcription activator-like) effectors (often referred to as TALEs, but not to be confused with the three amino acid loop extension homeobox class of proteins) are proteins secreted by Xanthomonas bacteria via their type III secretion system when they infect various plant species. These proteins can bind promoter sequences in the host plant and activate the expression of plant genes that aid bacterial infection. They recognize plant DNA sequences through a central repeat domain consisting of a variable number of ~34 amino acid repeats. There appears to be a one-to-one correspondence between the identity of two critical amino acids in each repeat and each DNA base in the target sequence. These proteins are interesting to researchers both for their role in disease of important crop species and the relative ease of retargeting them to bind new DNA sequences. Similar proteins can be found in the pathogenic bacterium Ralstonia solanacearum and Burkholderia rhizoxinica., as well as yet unidentified marine microorganisms. The term TALE-likes is used to refer to the putative protein family encompassing the TALEs and these related proteins.
  • 469
  • 08 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Tachykinin and Calcitonin/Calcitonin Gene-Related Peptide Families in Cancer
The structure and dynamics of the neurokinin (NK)-2, NK-3, and calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) receptors are studied together with the intracellular signaling pathways in which they are involved. These peptides play an important role in many cancers, such as breast cancer, colorectal cancer, glioma, lung cancer, neuroblastoma, oral squamous cell carcinoma, phaeochromocytoma, leukemia, bladder cancer, endometrial cancer, Ewing sarcoma, gastric cancer, liver cancer, melanoma, osteosarcoma, ovarian cancer, pancreatic cancer, prostate cancer, renal carcinoma, and thyroid cancer. These peptides are involved in tumor cell proliferation, migration, metastasis, angiogenesis, and lymphangiogenesis.
  • 272
  • 17 Mar 2023
Topic Review
T(8;21) Acute Myeloid Leukemia
Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) is a heterogenous disease with multiple sub-types which are defined by different somatic mutations that cause blood cell differentiation to go astray.  One of the best-studied AML-subtypes is the t(8;21) AML which carries a translocation fusing sequences encoding the DNA-binding domain of the hematopoietic master regulator RUNX1 to the ETO gene. 
  • 617
  • 13 Jan 2021
Topic Review
T Lymphocytes in Brief
T lymphocytes, often referred to as T cells, are a crucial component of the immune system. These specialized white blood cells originate in the bone marrow and undergo maturation in the thymus gland. T cells are known for their remarkable specificity in recognizing antigens presented by other cells. This recognition is mediated by the T cell receptor (TCR) on their surface. There are two primary subsets of T lymphocytes: CD4+ T cells (helper T cells) and CD8+ T cells (cytotoxic T cells). Helper T cells assist in coordinating immune responses, while cytotoxic T cells directly target and destroy infected or abnormal cells. T cells also have memory subsets that provide long-term immunity. T lymphocytes play pivotal roles in defending the body against infections, regulating immune responses, and contributing to the immune system's ability to distinguish between self and non-self. Their diverse functions and clinical significance make T cells a subject of extensive research and therapeutic exploration in the field of immunology.
  • 384
  • 08 Oct 2023
Topic Review
T Cells in Cancer
T cells play a key role in tumour surveillance, both identifying and eliminating transformed cells.
  • 327
  • 06 Apr 2021
Topic Review
T Cell-Based Therapies of HCC
The scope of therapeutic options for the treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) has recently been expanded by immunotherapeutic regimens. T cell-based therapies, especially in combination with other treatments have achieved far better outcomes compared to conventional treatments alone. However, there is an emerging body of evidence that eliciting T cell responses in immunotherapeutic approaches is insufficient for favorable outcomes.
  • 417
  • 29 Mar 2022
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