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Topic Review
Separation and Recycling Potential of Rare Earth Elements
Rare earth elements (REEs) are key chemical raw materials in the development of low-carbon industrial processes and especially in green energy technologies. The REEs include 17 elements that can be found in nature (15 lanthanides La-Lu, Sc, and Y). They are ironically quite well represented in the Earth’s crust, except for the radioactive promethium, which is very rare. However, they are rarely found alone and at economically attractive concentrations, which make them expensive and complicated to extract and separate in high purity with conventional separation techniques. 
  • 745
  • 10 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Separation and Analytical Techniques Used in Snake Venomics
The deleterious consequences of snake envenomation are due to the extreme protein complexity of snake venoms. Therefore, the identification of their components is crucial for understanding the clinical manifestations of envenomation pathophysiology and for the development of effective antivenoms. In addition, snake venoms are considered as libraries of bioactive molecules that can be used to develop innovative drugs. Numerous separation and analytical techniques are combined to study snake venom composition including chromatographic and electrophoretic techniques.
  • 625
  • 28 Jul 2022
Topic Review
Sensors Used in Water Monitoring
Water monitoring sensors in industrial, municipal and environmental monitoring are advancing our understanding of science, aid developments in process automatization and control and support real-time decisions in emergency situations. Sensors are becoming smaller, smarter, increasingly specialized and diversified and cheaper. Advanced deployment platforms now exist to support various monitoring needs together with state-of-the-art power and communication capabilities. For a large percentage of submerged instrumentation, biofouling is the single biggest factor affecting the operation, maintenance and data quality. This increases the cost of ownership to the extent that it is prohibitive to maintain operational sensor networks and infrastructures. In this context, the paper provides a brief overview of biofouling, including the development and properties of biofilms. The state-of-the-art established and emerging antifouling strategies are reviewed and discussed. 
  • 891
  • 24 Feb 2021
Topic Review
Sensors for Hydrogen Peroxide Detection
 Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) is a key molecule in numerous physiological, industrial, and environmental processes. H2O2 is monitored using various methods like colorimetry, luminescence, fluorescence, and electrochemical methods. Here, we aim to provide a comprehensive review of solid state sensors to monitor H2O2. The review covers three categories of sensors: chemiresistive, conductometric, and field effect transistors. A brief description of the sensing mechanisms of these sensors has been provided. All three sensor types are evaluated based on the sensing parameters like sensitivity, limit of detection, measuring range and response time. We highlight those sensors which have advanced the field by using innovative materials or sensor fabrication techniques. Finally, we discuss the limitations of current solid state sensors and the future directions for research and development in this exciting area. 
  • 2.4K
  • 30 Jan 2021
Topic Review
Sensors for Dairy Food Safety Monitoring
One of the most consumed foods is milk and milk products, and guaranteeing the suitability of these products is one of the major concerns in our society. This has led to the development of numerous sensors to enhance quality controls in the food chain. However, this is not a simple task, because it is necessary to establish the parameters to be analyzed and often, not only one compound is responsible for food contamination or degradation. To attempt to address this problem, a multiplex analysis together with a non-directed (e.g., general parameters such as pH) analysis are the most relevant alternatives to identifying the safety of dairy food. In recent years, the use of new technologies in the development of devices/platforms with optical or electrochemical signals has accelerated and intensified the pursuit of systems that provide a simple, rapid, cost-effective, and/or multiparametric response to the presence of contaminants, markers of various diseases, and/or indicators of safety levels.
  • 130
  • 27 Feb 2024
Topic Review
Sensors for Contaminants Detection in Hydrogen Fuel
Sensors can be used to prevent hydrogen from reaching flammable levels by triggering alarms and activating ventilation or shutdown of systems. Therefore, hydrogen sensors are an important enabling technology for the safe use of hydrogen. Sensors could even have other applications, such as contributing to ensure the lifetime of fuel cell electrical vehicles by warning if the hydrogen quality is not adequate. Here, chemical sensors that respond to a particular analyte in a selective and reversible way can be used in order to indicate the presence of impurities that may be harmful to the Fuel Cell Electrical Vehicle (FCEV). 
  • 684
  • 19 Apr 2022
Topic Review
Sensing Tyrosinase Activity
Tyrosinase (TYR, E.C. 1.14.18.1), a critical enzyme participating in melanogenesis, catalyzes the first two steps in melanin biosynthesis including the ortho-hydroxylation of L-tyrosine and the oxidation of L-DOPA. Previous pharmacological investigations have revealed that an abnormal level of TYR is tightly associated with various dermatoses, including albinism, age spots, and malignant melanoma.
  • 824
  • 08 Sep 2021
Topic Review
Sensing Surfaces for Capacitive Biodetection
Affinity-based biosensors operate by specifically capturing a biological target with biological or synthetic capture agents such as aptamers, DNAzymes, single stranded DNAs or antibodies. Despite their high sensitivity and their suitability for miniaturization, biosensors are still limited for clinical applications due to the lack of reproducibility and specificity of their detection performance. The design and preparation of sensing surfaces are suspected to be a cause of these limitations.
  • 493
  • 18 Jan 2023
Topic Review
Sensing ability of ferroelectric oxide nanowires grown in nanopores
Nanowires of ferroelectric potassium niobate were grown by filling nanoporous templates of both sides opened anodic aluminum oxide (AAO) through radiofrequency vacuum sputtering for multisensor fabrication. The precise geometrical ordering of the AAO matrix led to a well-defined single-axis oriented wire-shaped material inside the pores. The sensing abilities of the samples were studied and analyzed in terms of piezoelectric and pyroelectric response and the results were compared for different lengths of the nanopores (nanotubes)—1.3 µm, 6.3 µm, and 10 µm. Based on scanning electron microscopy, elemental and microstructural analyses, as well as electrical measurements at bending and heating, the overall sensing performance of the devices was estimated. It was found that the produced membrane-type elements, consisting of potassium niobate grown in AAO template exhibited excellent piezoelectric response due to the increased specific area as compared to non-structured films, and could be further enhanced with the length of the nanowires. The piezoelectric voltage increased linearly with 16 mV per micrometer of nanowire’s length. At the same time, the pyroelectric voltage was found to be less sensitive to the length of the nanowires, changing its value at 400 nV/µm. This paper provides a simple and low-cost approach for nanostructuring ferroelectric oxides with multi-sensing application and serves as a base for further optimization of template-based nanostructured devices.
  • 704
  • 29 Oct 2020
Topic Review
Semiconductor Metal Oxide Sensors in Reducing Gases Detection
The sensitivity of semiconductor metal oxide sensors can be significantly increased by using nanostructured sensitive layers based on two-component materials, consisting of metal oxides with different electronic characteristics and chemical properties.
  • 651
  • 31 May 2023
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