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Topic Review
Supercapacitor
Supercapacitors are electrical devices for fast storage and release of electric energy utilizing charge accumulation in the electrochemical double layer. In terms of volumetric and gravimetric capacities they exceed conventional dielectric and electrolytic capacitors by several orders of magnitude. However, the low energy density of supercapacitors has seriously limited their wider application in many fields. Increase of energy density highly depends on development of a new generation of advanced electrode materials for supercapacitors.
  • 1.9K
  • 26 Oct 2020
Topic Review
Sunitinib Delivery Using Nanotechnology
Sunitinib (Sutent®, Pfizer), an indolinone, multi-target, anti-angiogenic first generation TKI, is commercially available as an oral immediate-release hard capsule (dosage: 12.5, 25, 37.5 and 50 mg) formulated with Mannitol (E421) (diluent), Croscarmellose sodium (binder and disintegrant), Povidone (K-25) (solubilizing agent and disintegrant), Magnesium stearate (lubricant) and Gelatin as inactive ingredients. Other oral pharmaceutical forms, such as suspension, have also been investigated for pediatric therapy.
  • 355
  • 29 Jun 2023
Topic Review
Sumac as a Functional Food
Utilization of Rhus coriaria L. (sumac) is upgrading not only in their culinary use and human nutrition, but also in the pharmaceutical industry, food industry and veterinary practices. This is driven by accumulating evidence that support the ethnobotanical use of this plant; in particular, advanced knowledge of the content of nutritional, medicinal and techno-functional bioactive ingredients. Most of the antioxidant potential and therapeutic roles of sumac are increasingly attributed to its constituent tannins, flavonoids, and phenolic acids. Hydroxyphenyl pyranoanthocyanins and other anthocynins are responsible for the highly desired red pigments accounting for the strong pigmentation capacity and colorant ability of sumac. Certain polyphenols and the essential oil components are responsible for the peculiar flavor and antimicrobial activity of sumac. Tannin-rich sumac extracts and isolates are known to enhance the food quality and the oxidative stability of animal products such as meat and milk. In conclusion, polyphenol-rich sumac extracts and its bioactive ingredients could be exploited towards developing novel food products which do not only address the current consumers’ interests regarding organoleptic and nutritional value of food, but also meet the growing need for ‘clean label’ as well as value addition with respect to antioxidant capacity, disease prevention, and health promotion in humans.
  • 986
  • 13 Sep 2022
Topic Review
Sulfur Mustard
Sulfur mustard, commonly known as mustard gas, is the prototypical substance of the sulfur-based family of cytotoxic and vesicant chemical warfare agents known as the sulfur mustards, which can form large blisters on exposed skin and in the lungs. They have a long history of use as a blister-agent in warfare and along with organoarsenic compounds are the most well-studied such agents. Related chemical compounds with similar chemical structure and similar properties form a class of compounds known collectively as sulfur mustards or mustard agents. Pure sulfur mustards are colorless, viscous liquids at room temperature. When used in impure form, such as warfare agents, they are usually yellow-brown and have an odor resembling mustard plants, garlic, or horseradish, hence the name. The common name of "mustard gas" is considered inaccurate because the sulfur mustard is not actually vaporized, but dispersed as a fine mist of liquid droplets. Sulfur mustard was originally assigned the name LOST, after the scientists Wilhelm Lommel and Wilhelm Steinkopf, who developed a method of large-scale production for the Imperial German Army in 1916. Mustard agents are regulated under the 1993 Chemical Weapons Convention. Three classes of chemicals are monitored under this Convention, with sulfur and nitrogen mustard grouped in Schedule 1, as substances with no use other than in chemical warfare. Mustard agents could be deployed by means of artillery shells, aerial bombs, rockets, or by spraying from warplanes or other aircraft. Sulfur mustard can be readily decontaminated through reaction with chloramine-T.
  • 1.7K
  • 11 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Sulfonimide-Based Dendrimers
Dendrimers are multifunctional polymer compounds with a tree-like shape and a high branching degree. 
  • 614
  • 25 Feb 2021
Topic Review
Sulfonamide
Sulfonamide is a functional group (a part of a molecule) that is the basis of several groups of drugs, which are called sulphonamides, sulfa drugs or sulpha drugs. The original antibacterial sulfonamides are synthetic (nonantibiotic) antimicrobial agents that contain the sulfonamide group. Some sulfonamides are also devoid of antibacterial activity, e.g., the anticonvulsant sultiame. The sulfonylureas and thiazide diuretics are newer drug groups based upon the antibacterial sulfonamides. Allergies to sulfonamides are common. The overall incidence of adverse drug reactions to sulfa antibiotics is approximately 3%, close to penicillin; hence medications containing sulfonamides are prescribed carefully. Sulfonamide drugs were the first broadly effective antibacterials to be used systemically, and paved the way for the antibiotic revolution in medicine.
  • 1.1K
  • 23 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Sulfide-Based Photocatalysts Using Visible Light
Sulfides are frequently used as photocatalysts, since they absorb visible light better than many oxides. They have the disadvantage of being more easily photocorroded. This occurs mostly in oxidizing conditions; therefore, they are commonly used instead in reduction processes, such as CO2 reduction to fuels or H2 production.
  • 541
  • 08 Jan 2022
Topic Review
Sulfamethoxazole in Water
Sulfamethoxazole (SMX) is a frequently used antibiotic for the treatment of urinary tract, respiratory, and intestinal infections and as a supplement in livestock or fishery farming to boost production.
  • 941
  • 30 Nov 2021
Topic Review
Sugar Based Surfactants
Sugar-based surfactants are a class of surfactants derived from natural sugars, such as glucose, sucrose, and maltose. These surfactants have gained significant interest in recent years due to their biodegradability, low toxicity, and high compatibility with biological systems. Sugar-based surfactants are classified into two main groups: alkyl polyglucosides (APGs) and saccharide fatty acid esters (SFAEs). APGs are produced by reacting a fatty alcohol with glucose, while SFAEs are produced by esterifying a sugar molecule with a fatty acid. APGs have excellent cleaning and foaming properties and are used in a variety of personal care and household products, including shampoos, body washes, and dishwashing detergents. SFAEs are mainly used in the food industry as emulsifiers and stabilizers. One of the main advantages of sugar-based surfactants is their biodegradability, which means that they break down into harmless substances when exposed to environmental conditions such as sunlight, water, and microorganisms. This makes them an attractive alternative to synthetic surfactants, which can persist in the environment for a long time and have negative impacts on ecosystems.
  • 2.5K
  • 24 Mar 2023
Topic Review
Substrate
In chemistry, a substrate is typically the chemical species being observed in a chemical reaction, which reacts with a reagent to generate a product. It can also refer to a surface on which other chemical reactions are performed, or play a supporting role in a variety of spectroscopic and microscopic techniques. In synthetic and organic chemistry, the substrate is the chemical of interest that is being modified. In biochemistry, an enzyme substrate is the material upon which an enzyme acts. When referring to Le Chatelier's principle, the substrate is the reagent whose concentration is changed. The term substrate is highly context-dependent.
  • 1.8K
  • 06 Oct 2022
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