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Topic Review
Electrospun Nanofibrous Membrane
In biotechnology, the field of cell cultivation is highly relevant. Cultivated cells can be used, for example, for the development of biopharmaceuticals and in tissue engineering. Commonly, mammalian cells are grown in bioreactors, T-flasks, well plates, etc., without a specific substrate. Nanofibrous mats, however, have been reported to promote cell growth, adhesion, and proliferation. Here, we give an overview of the different attempts at cultivating mammalian cells on electrospun nanofiber mats for biotechnological and biomedical purposes. Starting with a brief overview of the different electrospinning methods, resulting in random or defined fiber orientations in the nanofiber mats, we describe the typical materials used in cell growth applications in biotechnology and tissue engineering. The influence of using different surface morphologies and polymers or polymer blends on the possible application of such nanofiber mats for tissue engineering and other biotechnological applications is discussed. Polymer blends, in particular, can often be used to reach the required combination of mechanical and biological properties, making such nanofiber mats highly suitable for tissue engineering and other biotechnological or biomedical cell growth applications.
  • 484
  • 19 Aug 2021
Topic Review
Composite Electromagnetic Shielding Applications
With advancements in the automated industry, electromagnetic inferences (EMI) have been increasing over time, causing major distress among the end-users and affecting electronic appliances. The issue is not new and major work has been done, but unfortunately, the issue has not been fully eliminated.
  • 1.2K
  • 19 Aug 2021
Topic Review
Polyelectrolyte Multilayers
Polyelectrolyte multilayers are thin organic films obtained by self-assembly of PEs with other charged/uncharged (macro)molecules using an LbL method. The physical and chemical architecture of PEMs can be determined from the nanoscopic level to the macroscopic level. Both weak and strong PEs can participate in the formation of multilayers together with other low molecular or macromolecular compounds (charged or uncharged), the properties of the obtained materials being dependent on the nature and characteristics of the partners involved in the deposition process.
  • 668
  • 19 Aug 2021
Topic Review
Intracapsular Femoral Neck Fractures
Femoral neck fractures are common and constitute one of the largest healthcare burdens of the modern age. Fractures within the joint capsule (intracapsular) represent a specific surgical challenge due to the difficulty in predicting the rates of bony union and whether the blood supply to the femoral head has been disrupted in a way that would lead to avascular necrosis. Most femoral neck fractures are treated surgically, aiming to maintain mobility, whilst reducing pain and complications associated with prolonged bedrest.
  • 423
  • 19 Aug 2021
Topic Review
Lead-Free Perovskite Solar Cells
Next-generation renewable energy sources and perovskite solar cells have revolutionised photovoltaics research and the photovoltaic industry. However, the presence of toxic lead in perovskite solar cells hampers their commercialisation. Lead-free tin-based perovskite solar cells are a potential alternative solution to this problem; however, numerous technological issues must be addressed before the efficiency and stability of tin-based perovskite solar cells can match those of lead-based perovskite solar cells.
  • 750
  • 18 Aug 2021
Topic Review
Antioxidants: Improving Food Shelf Life
Oxidation is the main problem in preserving food products during storage. A relatively novel strategy is the use of antioxidant-enriched edible films. Antioxidants hinder reactive oxygen species, which mainly affect fats and proteins in food.
  • 1.5K
  • 18 Aug 2021
Topic Review
Multivariable Formulation of Surfactant-Oil-Water Systems
Surfactant-Oil-Water (SOW) systems are found in nature and synthetic products. They usually result in two immiscible phases, e.g., for two liquids, a water phase (often a brine), and an oily phase (which could be extremely complex as petroleum). Surfactant partitions between the two phases according to some physicochemical rules due to molecular interactions. There is a very particular formulation case in which SOW systems can form three immiscible phases, that is, two excess phases (water and oil) in equilibrium with a  so-called middle phase (because of an intermediate density that places it in the middle of a test tube). This middle phase is a so-called bicontinuous microemulsion which has no droplets dispersed in an external phase as a typical emulsion, but a complex single-phase structure similar to a disordered liquid crystal. When stirred, SOW systems can form multiple dispersed systems that can be described as macroemulsions or nanoemulsions depending on the drop size (O/W or W/O) or multiple emulsions (w/O/W or o/W/O) with droplets inside larger drops. Since the beginnings of the 20th century with Bancroft’s rule, the properties of these systems have been related to many thermodynamic variables, generally with one effect at a time. Nowadays, the generalized physicochemical concept of SOW systems with many formulation variables involved allows to make predictions in various application cases, even for very complex systems, as in enhanced oil recovery (EOR), crude oil dehydration, paints, foods, cosmetics and pharmaceutical formulations, that requires the control on 6-8 variables or even more. This is mainly because of the presence of mixtures of oils from linear alkanes to triglycerides or complex molecules perfumes, or a mixture of salts with cations from sodium to calcium or aluminum, and anions like chloride to phosphate. The complexity is even worse with mixtures of very different surface-active species, resulting in non-linear interactions.
  • 2.6K
  • 17 Aug 2021
Topic Review
Nuclear Resonance Vibrational Spectroscopy
Nuclear resonant vibrational spectroscopy (NRVS) is a synchrotron radiation (SR)-based nuclear inelastic scattering spectroscopy that measures the phonons (i.e., vibrational modes) associated with the nuclear transition. It has distinct advantages over traditional vibration spectroscopy and has wide applications in physics, chemistry, bioinorganic chemistry, materials sciences, and geology, as well as many other research areas.
  • 906
  • 17 Aug 2021
Topic Review
Starch–Mucilage Composite Films
Generally, starch is an edible carbohydrate complex, composed of a linear polymer, amylose (a linear molecule with few branches), and amylopectin (branched-chain molecule). Therefore, the presence of amylose in large quantities provides excellent strength while a high level of amylopectin is responsible for the reduction of the tensile strength during the production of a film. However, starch-based films have limitations in their ability to bear various environmental factors such as temperature, pressure, and natural gases during the handling due to their low strength, flexibility, rigidity, and high hydrophilic nature. To overcome this issue, the combination of starch and mucilage can be used as a binary polymer alternative to improve the mechanical properties of the packaging film. Additionally, the addition of several biopolymers such as cellulose, gum, and gelatin into a starch blend can change the network formation in the film matrix, improving the physicochemical and biological properties of the film. Moreover, mucilage is a water-soluble edible polysaccharide, extensively used in the food industry due to its excellent functional properties (antimicrobial, antioxidant, water-holding, oil holding, and foaming capacity), and diverse industrial applications such as thickening agent, binding agent, emulsifying agent, and suspending agent. Mucilage has a great potential to produce a stable polymeric network that confines the starch granules, which delay the release of amylose in resulting the improvement of the mechanical property of films.
  • 1.8K
  • 17 Aug 2021
Topic Review
Waste Derivatives in Drilling Fluids
The increased production of waste materials is a significant concern due to their effect on public health and the environment. Mismanagement of food waste, in particular, has become a major global issue, thus prompting the need for better solutions that use these materials in different applications. Among various applications, food waste can be considered to be a sustainable alternative for additives in drilling fluids used in the oil and gas drilling industry. Chemical additives to drilling fluids are necessary components to facilitate drilling operations by enhancing the fluids’ properties, including rheology and filtrate loss. Studies have demonstrated that waste-derived materials, including food waste, have the potential to provide an environmentally safe alternative to toxic conventional chemical additives used in water-based drilling fluids. 
  • 1.1K
  • 17 Aug 2021
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