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Topic Review
Iron-Series Electrocatalysts for Water Splitting
The development of non-noble metal-based electrocatalysts with high performance for hydrogen evolution reaction and oxygen evolution reaction is highly desirable in advancing electrocatalytic water-splitting technology but proves to be challenging. One promising way to improve the catalytic activity is to tailor the d-band center. This approach can facilitate the adsorption of intermediates and promote the formation of active species on surfaces.
  • 711
  • 26 Dec 2022
Topic Review
Iron Oxides in Bacterial Cellulose Applications
Iron oxide nanoparticles have been investigated due to their suitable characteristics for diverse applications in the fields of biomedicine, electronics, water or wastewater treatment and sensors. Maghemite, magnetite and hematite are the most widely studied iron oxide particles and have ferrimagnetic characteristics.
  • 202
  • 08 Aug 2023
Topic Review
Iron Oxide Nanoparticles on Bone Remodeling
Iron oxide nanoparticles (IONPs) are extensively used in bone-related studies as biomaterials due to their unique magnetic properties and good biocompatibility. Through endocytosis, IONPs enter the cell where they promote osteogenic differentiation and inhibit osteoclastogenesis in vivo. This result is further supported by in-vivo findings, showing that osteoblasts and osteoclasts internalize the IONPs, yielding superior bone regeneration and weaker bone resorption. Therefore, IONPs  have a potential clinical application value to promote bone regeneration and prevent osteoporosis.
  • 486
  • 25 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Iron Oxide Nanoparticles in Medicine
This entry focuses on the latest developments in regenerative medicine, in which iron oxide nanoparticles (IONPs) play a crucial role for tissue engineering and cell therapy. IONPs are not only enabling the use of non-invasive observation methods to monitor the therapy, but can also accelerate and enhance regeneration, either thanks to their inherent magnetic properties or by functionalization with bioactive or therapeutic compounds, such as drugs, enzymes and growth factors. In addition, the presence of magnetic fields can direct IONP-labeled cells specifically to the site of action or induce cell differentiation into a specific cell type through mechanotransduction.
  • 456
  • 22 Sep 2021
Topic Review
Iron Oxide Nanoparticles in Biomedicine
Iron oxides are common natural compounds and can also easily be synthesized in the laboratory. There are 16 iron oxides, including oxides, hydroxides and oxide-hydroxides. These minerals are a result of aqueous reactions under various redox and pH conditions. They have the basic composition of Fe,O, and/or OH, but differ in the valency of iron and overall crystal structure. Some of the important iron oxides are goethite, akaganeite, lepidocrocite, magnetite and hematite.  Iron oxide (IO) nanoparticles consist of maghemite (y-Fe2O3) and/or magnetite (Fe3O4) particles with diameters ranging from 1 and 100 nanometer and find applications in magnetic data storage, biosensing, drug-delivery, etc. In nanoparticles (NPs), the surface area to volume ratio increases significantly. This allows a considerably higher binding capacity and excelent dispersibility of NPs in solutions. Magnetic NPs, with sizes between 2 and 20 nm display superparamagnetism, i.e. their magnetization is zero, in the absence of an external magnetic field and they can be magnetized by an extermal magnetic source. This property provides additional stability for magnetic nanparticles in solutions.  Because of their magnetic and superparamagnetic properties, iron oxide nanoparticles (IONPs) have many potential applications for medical use. The synthesis of these NPs has been the basis of many studies, each proposing different synthesis methods yielding nanostructures of different properties. The chemical, physical and magnetic properties of these nanostructures are examined to determine their possible application in mgnetic resonance imaging (MRI), contrast enhancement and thermal activation therapy. NPs characterization and demonstration of their potential uses pave  the way to the development of smart magnetic IONPs for targeted diagnostics and therapeutics of human diseases, including cancer and Alzheimer’s disease. Using the proprietary monoloyer polymer coating strategy, hydrophobic, organic ligand-coated IONPs have successfully been converted into water soluble, bio-accessible IONPs. Recent enhancement in the quality of both organic and water soluble IONPs opens avenues of opportunities for development of IO nanoparticles based applications, for example:  ·         As contrast agents for magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)  ·         As drug carriers for target specific drug delivery  ·         As gene carriers for gene therapy ·         As therapeutic agents for hyperthermia based cancer treatments ·         As magnetic sensing probes for in-vitro diagnostics (IVD) ·         As nanoadjuvant for vaccine and antibody production.  This growing portfolio of magnetic NPs excited us to offer a brief review on the biologically compatible IONPs synthesized by electrochemical deposition, and their potential use in biomedical application. 
  • 804
  • 21 Jan 2021
Topic Review
Iron Oxide Nanoparticles (IONPs)
The unique physical properties (physical identity) of iron oxide nanoparticles (IONPs), their ample possibilities for surface modifications (synthetic identity), and the complex dynamics of their interaction with biological systems (biological identity) make IONPs a unique and fruitful resource for developing magnetic field-based therapeutic and diagnostic approaches to the treatment of diseases such as cancer. In this entry, we revisited the current knowledge on IONP interaction with cells of the mononuclear phagocytic system (macrophages), dendritic cells (DCs), endothelial cells (ECs), and cancer cells, correlating synthetic identity with the biological effects that IONPs trigger in these cells (biological identity). Furthermore, we thoroughly discuss current understandings of the basic molecular mechanisms and complex interactions that govern IONP biological identity, and how these traits could be used as a stepping stone for future research.
  • 2.7K
  • 28 Oct 2020
Topic Review
Iron Oxide Nanoparticles
Iron oxide nanoparticles (IONs) have shown promising potential as delivery vehicles and cellular markers for theranostic applications. Their high biocompatibility, superparamagnetic properties and exceptional surface-coating versatility have facilitated the development of IONs that adequately interact with biological environments. The strategical modification of ION architectures towards performing highly specialized functions has allowed the rational design of next-generation nanoparticles for biomedical applications.
  • 1.1K
  • 07 Jan 2021
Topic Review
Iridium-Catalyzed Difunctionalization of Alkenes
Alkenes and their related analogs are a class of ideal starting materials for the construction of complex molecules, because they are readily available in bulk quantities from renewable resources and petrochemical feedstocks. They are also considered to be the most cost-effective and widely used raw material for organic synthesis, and due to the diversity of functional groups, they are used very frequently in different chemical industries. As basic functionalities, the exploration of efficient methods for the selective functionalization of alkenes has been a continuous pursuit throughout the history of organic chemistry.
  • 456
  • 12 Jul 2023
Topic Review
Iridaaromatics via Methoxy(alkenyl)carbeneiridium Complexes
The development of a versatile methodology to synthesize polycyclic metallaaromatic hydrocarbons based on iridium, as well as the studies that helped to determine and understand what is required in order to broaden the scope and the selectivity of the methodology and stabilize the complexes obtained. This methodology aims to open the door to new materials based on graphene fragments.
  • 344
  • 16 Aug 2021
Topic Review
Ionized Water
A water ionizer (also known as an alkaline ionizer) is a home appliance which claims to raise the pH of drinking water by using electrolysis to separate the incoming water stream into acidic and alkaline components. The alkaline stream of the treated water is called alkaline water. Proponents claim that consumption of alkaline water results in a variety of health benefits, making it similar to the alternative health practice of alkaline diets. Such claims violate basic principles of chemistry and physiology. There is no medical evidence for any health benefits of alkaline water. Extensive scientific evidence has completely debunked these claims. The machines originally became popular in Japan and other East Asian countries before becoming available in the United States and Europe.
  • 1.0K
  • 22 Oct 2022
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