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Topic Review
Mucoadhesive and Mucopenetrating Polymer-Based Adjuvants
Mucus is a viscoelastic gel that acts as a protective barrier for epithelial surfaces. The mucosal vehicles and adjuvants need to pass through the mucus layer to make drugs and vaccine delivery by mucosal routes possible. The mucoadhesion of polymer particle adjuvants significantly increases the contact time between vaccine formulations and the mucosa; then, the particles can penetrate the mucus layer and epithelium to reach mucosa-associated lymphoid tissues.
  • 370
  • 23 May 2023
Topic Review
MSNs for Cancer Treatment
Cancer treatment and therapy has made significant leaps and bounds in these past decades. However, there are still cases where surgical removal is impossible, metastases are challenging and chemotherapy and radiotherapy pose severe side effects. Therefore, the need to find more effective and specific treatments still exists. One of the ways is through the utilization of drug delivery agents (DDA) based on nanomaterials. In 2001, mesoporous silica nanoparticles (MSNs) were first used as DDA and have gained considerable attention in this field. The popularity of MSNs is due to their unique properties such as tunable particle and pore size, high surface area and pore volume, easy functionalization and surface modification, high stability and their capability to efficiently entrap cargo molecules. This review describes the latest advancement of MSNs as DDA for cancer treatment. We focus on the fabrication of MSNs, the challenges in DDA development and how MSNs address the problems through development of smart DDA using MSNs. Besides that, MSNs have also been applied as a multifunctional DDA where they can serve in both diagnostic and treatment of cancer. Overall, we argue MSNs provide a bright future for both the diagnosis and treatment of cancer. 
  • 732
  • 22 Sep 2021
Topic Review
MSMPs and MSMs
Magnetic shape memory polymers (MSMPs) belong to the group of shape memory materials, a group that can change their shape back to their “remembered” shape when they are exposed to a stimulus. MSMPs are essentially shape memory polymers whose shape memory effect is stimulated by heat. In the case of the MSMPs, magnetic particles are incorporated in the shape memory polymer. When the material is placed in an external alternating magnetic field, the magnetic particles heat up due to induction heating. The heated particles heat the shape memory polymer from the inside and when the activation temperature is reached, the shape memory effect is activated. Magnetic soft materials (MSMs) exist out of an elastomer with incorporated magnetic particles. The magnetic fields of these magnetic particles are set in specific magnetization patterns inside the elastomer during the fabrication process. When the magnetic soft material is placed inside an external static magnetic field, the magnetic fields of the magnetic particles align with the external magnetic field. This creates micro torques in the elastomer and pulls the elastomer matrix in a programmed shape.
  • 712
  • 09 Oct 2021
Topic Review
MS/MS-Based Molecular Networking
Natural products (NPs) have historically played a primary role in the discovery of small-molecule drugs. However, due to the advent of other methodologies and the drawbacks of NPs, the pharmaceutical industry has largely declined in interest regarding the screening of new drugs from NPs since 2000. There are many technical bottlenecks to quickly obtaining new bioactive NPs on a large scale, which has made NP-based drug discovery very time-consuming, and the first thorny problem faced by researchers is how to dereplicate NPs from crude extracts. Remarkably, with the rapid development of omics, analytical instrumentation, and artificial intelligence technology, in 2012, an efficient approach, known as tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS)-based molecular networking (MN) analysis, was developed to avoid the rediscovery of known compounds from the complex natural mixtures. 
  • 765
  • 03 Jan 2023
Topic Review
MS-Based Metabolomic Workflows in Marine Natural Products Analysis
Marine natural products are considered one of the main sources of compounds for drug development. Starfish and sea cucumbers are potential sources of natural products of pharmaceutical interest. Among their metabolites, polar steroids, triterpene glycosides, and polar lipids have attracted a great deal of attention.
  • 486
  • 20 May 2022
Topic Review
MS Combined with EAOPs
Membrane separation (MS) and electrochemical advanced oxidation process (EAOPs) are the important technologies in water pollution control. They can not only effectively remove pollutants in water, but also have the advantages of environmental friendliness, easy automation and low land occupation. However, both MS and EAOPs still have some problems to overcome, namely membrane fouling and high energy consumption. In recent years, many researchers proposed that the combination of the two technologies can overcome this problem. In this case, both of them can be used as a pretreatment for the other to achieve different purposes. When MS is prior to EAOPs, the purpose is to reduce the turbidity as well as to concentrate pollutants and salinity in order to weaken the mass transfer limitation and increase the conductivity. When setting MS after EAOPs, the purpose is to treat the concentrate to meet the discharge standard or permeate water to further improve the quality for reuse. The combination of MS and EAOPs offers a valuable way to implement them in the practical project of wastewater treatment which deserves more attention.
  • 613
  • 20 Nov 2020
Topic Review
MP and MPc
Metalloporphyrins (MP) and metallophtalocyanines (MPc) are innovative materials with catalytic properties that have attracted attention for their application for diverse electrochemical purposes. The presence of metallic centers in their structure offers a redox-active behavior that is being applied in the design of solid electrodes for the quantification of biomolecules, water contaminants, and pharmaceuticals, among others.
  • 916
  • 25 May 2021
Topic Review
Moss-Based Biocomposites
Mosses have a large surface area of densely packed leaves that allows them to effectively trap air pollutants. This enables them to exhibit filtration efficiencies comparable to those of man-made filters. However, within the context of a circular economy, moss fibers integrated into a biocomposite matrix provide the added advantage of being reusable, facilitating the development of closed systems without waste generation.
  • 200
  • 12 Dec 2023
Topic Review
MoS2-Based Substrates for Surface-Enhanced Raman Scattering
Surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS), as an important tool for interface research, occupies a place in the field of molecular detection and analysis due to its extremely high detection sensitivity and fingerprint characteristics. Substantial efforts have been put into the improvement of the enhancement factor (EF) by way of modifying SERS substrates.
  • 913
  • 25 Mar 2022
Topic Review
MoS2 Energy Applications
MoS2 is one of the transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDs) that has gained a high reputation in recent years due to its distinct chemical, electronic, mechanical, magnetic, and optical properties. Its unique properties enabled its use in different applications such as sensing applications, high-efficiency field effect transistors, and energy and medical (curing) applications. MoS2 exists in different crystalline structures, such as hexagonal (H), tetrahedral (T), or rhombohedral (R). It naturally exists as 2H MoS2, and its most popular structures are the semiconducting 2H and 3R phases and the 1T metallic phase, where 2H is more stable but less conductive than 1T. Metallic MoS2 has a higher conductivity (105 times) than semiconducting 2H MoS2 and high catalytic activity.
  • 918
  • 16 Sep 2021
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