Subject:
All Disciplines Arts & Humanities Biology & Life Sciences Business & Economics Chemistry & Materials Science Computer Science & Mathematics Engineering Environmental & Earth Sciences Medicine & Pharmacology Physical Sciences Public Health & Healthcare Social Sciences
Sort:
Hottest Latest Alphabetical (A-Z) Alphabetical (Z-A)
Type:
All Topic Review Biography
Topic Review
Ore-Forming Fluid
The He-Ar isotopic compositions showed that the 3He/4He ratios of the ore-forming fluid of the Xingluokeng deposit ranged from 0.14 to 1.01 Ra (Ra is the 3He/4He ratio of air, 1 Ra = 1.39 × 10−6), with an average of 0.58 Ra, which is between the 3He/4He ratios of mantle fluids and crustal fluids, suggesting that the mantle-derived He was added to the mineralizing fluid, with a mean of 8.7%. The 40Ar/36Ar ratios of these samples ranged from 361 to 817, with an average of 578, between the atmospheric 40Ar/36Ar and the crustal and/or mantle 40Ar/36Ar.
  • 496
  • 24 May 2022
Topic Review
Orange Peel Boards
The Orange Peel Board is a panel made by mixture of different proportions dried peels and wet peels. The commonly used processing method is thermo-pressing.  
  • 2.2K
  • 19 Jul 2021
Topic Review
Orally Fast Disintegrating Tablets for Infants and Children
A significant number of current drug formulations are not suitable for children of different age groups because of heterogeneity of the pediatric population, immature Absorption, Distribution, Metabolism and Elimination (ADME) processes, rapid developmental changes, palatability issues, low drug adherence and ethical concerns. Improvements in flexibility of dose administration, tablet size, taste masking, bioavailability, excipient safety and acceptability, stability, manufacturing and affordability represent multiple opportunities at various scales of child-friendly formulations design to overcome clinical and technological challenges in pediatric drug development. Orally Dispersible Tablets (ODTs) are a promising child-friendly drug delivery strategy, offering a potential solution to address unique medical needs in infants and children while maintaining a favorable excipient safety and acceptability profile in these vulnerable patient populations.
  • 381
  • 05 May 2023
Topic Review
Oral Tissue Engineering and Regeneration
The reconstruction or repair of oral and maxillofacial functionalities and aesthetics is a priority for patients affected by tooth loss, congenital defects, trauma deformities, or various dental diseases. Therefore, in dental medicine, tissue reconstruction represents a major interest in oral and maxillofacial surgery, periodontics, orthodontics, endodontics, and even daily clinical practice. The current clinical approaches involve a vast array of techniques ranging from the traditional use of tissue grafts to the most innovative regenerative procedures, such as tissue engineering. In recent decades, a wide range of both artificial and natural biomaterials and scaffolds, genes, stem cells isolated from the mouth area (dental follicle, deciduous teeth, periodontal ligament, dental pulp, salivary glands, and adipose tissue), and various growth factors have been tested in tissue engineering approaches in dentistry, with many being proven successful. However, to fully eliminate the problems of traditional bone and tissue reconstruction in dentistry, continuous research is needed.
  • 1.1K
  • 04 Dec 2020
Topic Review
Oral Mucosal Epithelial Cells
The corneal surface is an essential organ necessary for vision, and its clarity must be maintained. The corneal epithelium is renewed by limbal stem cells, located in the limbus and in palisades of Vogt. Palisades of Vogt maintain the clearness of the corneal epithelium by blocking the growth of conjunctival epithelium and the invasion of blood vessels over the cornea. The limbal region can be damaged by chemical burns, physical damage (e.g., by contact lenses), congenital disease, chronic inflammation, or limbal surgeries. The degree of limbus damage is associated with the degree of limbal stem cells deficiency (partial or total). For a long time, the only treatment to restore vision was grafting part of the healthy cornea from the other eye of the patient or by transplanting a cornea from cadavers. The regenerative medicine and stem cell therapies have been applied to restore normal vision using different methodologies. The source of stem cells varies from embryonic stem cells, mesenchymal stem cells, to induced pluripotent stem cells. This review focuses on the use of oral mucosa epithelial stem cells and their use in engineering cell sheets to treat limbal stem cell deficient patients.
  • 1.3K
  • 30 Oct 2020
Topic Review
Optimizing Sustainability Opportunities for Biochar
Biochar is most commonly considered for its use as a soil amendment, where it has gained attention for its potential to improve agricultural production and soil health. Twenty years of near exponential growth in investigation has demonstrated that biochar does not consistently deliver these benefits, due to variables in biochar, soil, climate, and cropping systems. While biochar can provide agronomic improvements in marginal soils, it is less likely to do so in temperate climates and fertile soils. Here, biochar and its coproducts may be better utilized for contaminant remediation or the substitution of nonrenewable or mining-intensive materials. 
  • 745
  • 18 Oct 2021
Topic Review
Optimizing Efficiency and Exploring Greenhouse-Integrated Organic Photovoltaics
Organic solar cells present distinct advantages including transparency, cost-effective manufacturing potential, and tunable light absorption properties. Recent years have witnessed the development of various strategies aimed at enhancing the performance of Organic solar cells. Utilizing the high optical selectivity and tunability of organic semiconductors, the application of organic photovoltaics in greenhouse integration has also been explored. Tackling the efficiency challenges could be the pivotal factor that shifts organic photovoltaics from a promising technology to a commercial reality.
  • 273
  • 30 Aug 2023
Topic Review
Optimized Polymeric Membranes for Water Treatment
Conventional polymers, endowed with specific functionalities, are extensively utilized for filtering and extracting a diverse set of chemicals, notably metals, from solutions. The main structure of a polymer is an integral part for designing an efficient separating system. However, its chemical functionality further contributes to the selectivity, fabrication process, and resulting product morphology. One example would be a membrane that can be employed to selectively remove a targeted metal ion or chemical from a solution, leaving behind the useful components of the solution. Such membranes or products are highly sought after for purifying polluted water contaminated with toxic and heavy metals. An efficient water-purifying membrane must fulfill several requirements, including a specific morphology attained by the material with a specific chemical functionality and facile fabrication for integration into a purifying module Therefore, the selection of an appropriate polymer and its functionalization become crucial and determining steps.
  • 186
  • 23 Jan 2024
Topic Review
Optimal Properties of the Scaffold
Osteoarthritis leads to the progressive decay of articular cartilage. Due to its intrinsic avascular character, cartilage shows an inadequate capacity for regeneration. Cartilage loss may result in chronic pain, movement disorder and morbidity, which lack effective treatments except for joint replacement for late-stage osteoarthritis. To overcome this challenge, tissue engineering has emerged as a promising method. Scaffolds provide mechanical and biochemical support to stem cells that undergo differentiation and secrete a cartilage-specific matrix, and this strategy has been proven to have positive results. The ideal 3D scaffolds need to have versatile properties to mediate cell–cell signalling and cell–matrix interactions for controlling the cellular behaviour of MSCs, specifically: (1) sufficient mechanical strength; (2) biocompatibility; (3) suitable surface morphology for cell attachment; (4) appropriate porosity and pore size to allow the cells to infiltrate as well as nutrients and waste to diffuse; (5) promoting cell proliferation, differentiation and maintenance of a chondrogenic phenotype of seeded cells; (6) capability of integrating with native tissues; and (7) controlled degradation without toxic byproducts.
  • 1.3K
  • 09 Sep 2022
Topic Review
Optimal Factors for Alginate Nanofabrication
On this note, biodegradable polymeric nanocarrier is deemed to control the release of the drug, stabilize labile molecules from degradation and site-specific drug targeting, with the main aim of reducing the dosing frequency and prolonging the therapeutic outcomes. Thus, it is essential to select the appropriate biopolymer material, e.g., sodium alginate to formulate nanoparticles for controlled drug delivery. Alginate has attracted considerable interest in pharmaceutical and biomedical applications as a matrix material of nanocarriers due to its inherent biological properties, including good biocompatibility and biodegradability. Various techniques have been adopted to synthesize alginate nanoparticles in order to introduce more rational, coherent, efficient and cost-effective properties.
  • 870
  • 12 Nov 2020
  • Page
  • of
  • 467
Featured Entry Collections
>>

Featured Books

>>
Encyclopedia of Social Sciences
Encyclopedia of COVID-19
Encyclopedia of Fungi
Encyclopedia of Digital Society, Industry 5.0 and Smart City
ScholarVision Creations
Feedback