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Topic Review
Type I AIE PSs for Antitumor Applications
In modern medicine, precision diagnosis and treatment using optical materials, such as fluorescence/photoacoustic imaging-guided photodynamic therapy (PDT), are becoming increasingly popular. Photosensitizers (PSs) are the most important component of PDT. Different from conventional PSs with planar molecular structures, which are susceptible to quenching effects caused by aggregation, the distinct advantages of AIE (aggregation-induced emission) fluorogens open up new avenues for the development of image-guided PDT with improved treatment accuracy and efficacy in practical applications. PDT has been actively used as a noninvasive treatment in clinical practice for some superficial skin cancers such as skin cancer and bladder cancer.  Although many PSs have been developed for tumor treatment, type II photosensitizers are predominant. Since type II photodynamic therapy is highly oxygen-dependent and its therapeutic effect on anaerobic tumors is inhibited, the development of low oxygen-dependent type I PDT can effectively mitigate this problem.
  • 554
  • 12 Jan 2023
Topic Review
Electrospun Polymer Nanofibers
Electrospun polymer nanofibers constitute one of the most important nanomaterials with diverse applications. Nanofibers are classified as fibers with a ratio of length to thickness in the order of one thousand, or nanomaterials that have at least one dimension of 100 nm or less. A nanofiber with a diameter of ∼100 nm can have a specific surface area up to 1000 m2/g. Nanofibers can be produced by selecting the proper combination of polymers and additives, and using appropriate production techniques based on several essential characteristics that impact criteria of the intended particular application area. Electrospinning of polymer nanofibers is a widely used for investigation of their properties for uses in quite diverse applications. Attractive properties of electrospun nanofibers include the extremely high specific surface area, high porosity (typically 90%), light weight, controllable pore size, flexibility in surface functionalities, large permeability, excellent mechanical properties, high aspect ratio, and length up to many centimeters. Due to their exceptional characteristics, electrospun polymer nanofibers are used in many applications, which include biomedical technology, such as tissue engineering, wound healing and dressing, and drug delivery systems. In addition they have diverse uses in  sensors and biosensors applications, air filtration, defense applications, energy devices and protective textiles.
  • 810
  • 12 Jan 2023
Topic Review
Application of High-Entropy Alloys in SOFC Technology
The mechanisms of the stabilization of a high-entropy state in such materials, as well as the effect of structural and charge factors on the stability of the resulting homogeneous solid solution are performed. An introduction to the synthesis methods for HEAs (high-entropy alloys) is given. 
  • 650
  • 11 Jan 2023
Topic Review
Two-Dimensional Nanostructures as Surface-Enhanced Raman Scattering Substrates
Two-dimensional nanostructures (2DNS) attract tremendous interest and have emerged as potential materials for a variety of applications, including biomolecule sensing, due to their high surface-to-volume ratio, tuneable optical and electronic properties. Advancements in the engineering of 2DNS and associated technologies have opened up new opportunities. Surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) is a rapid, highly sensitive, non-destructive analytical technique with exceptional signal amplification potential. Several structurally and chemically engineered 2DNS with added advantages (e.g., π–π* interaction), over plasmonic SERS substrates, have been developed specifically towards biomolecule sensing in a complex matrix, such as biological fluids. 
  • 528
  • 11 Jan 2023
Topic Review
Triterpenes as Bioactive Natural Products
Natural products (NP) are one of the main sources of diverse pharmacologically active compounds. NPs and NP-scaffolds comprise a large portion of current-day pharmaceutical agents (over 70% of FDA-approved drugs). 
  • 611
  • 11 Jan 2023
Topic Review
Theranostic Applications of Nanodecoy for Diseases
Nanoparticles (NPs) designed for various theranostic purposes have hugely impacted scientific research in the field of biomedicine, bringing forth hopes of a future revolutionized area called nanomedicine. A budding advancement in this area is the conjugation of various cell membranes onto nanoparticles to develop biomimetic cells called ‘Nanodecoys’ (NDs), which can imitate the functioning of natural cells. This technology of coating cell membranes on NPs has enhanced the working capabilities of nano-based techniques by initiating effective navigation within the bodily system. Due to the presence of multiple functional moieties, nanoparticles coated with cell membranes hold the ability to interact with complex biological microenvironments inside the body with ease.
  • 610
  • 10 Jan 2023
Topic Review
Assembly of Protein Cages for Drug Delivery
Nanoparticles (NPs) have been widely used as target delivery vehicles for therapeutic goods; however, compared with inorganic and organic nanomaterials, protein nanomaterials have better biocompatibility and can self-assemble into highly ordered cage-like structures, which are more favorable for applications in targeted drug delivery.
  • 693
  • 10 Jan 2023
Topic Review
Asymmetric Synthesis of BINOL Derivatives
The chirality resulting from restricted rotation around a single bond is called atropisomerism (axial chirality). This phenomenon was first described by Christie and Kenner in 1922 when investigating the biaryl 6,6’-dinitro-2,2’-diphenic acid, and the term “atropisomer”, derived from the Greek where “a” means “not” and “tropes” means “turn”, was created by Kuhn. Atropisomers belong to the class of axially chiral compounds; however, here, the enantiomers exist due to restricted rotation around a single bond. Axial chirality has also been considered as an important structural element of many natural products and bioactive compounds, whose enantiomers generally exhibit different pharmacological activities and metabolic processes in vivo and in vitro.
  • 997
  • 10 Jan 2023
Topic Review
Design and Synthesis of Polyphosphodiesters
Polyacids containing –P(O)(OH)– fragment in the polymer backbone, or polyphosphodiesters (PPDEs), hold a special place among natural and synthetic polymers. The structural similarity of PPDEs to natural nucleic and teichoic acids, biocompatibility of PPDEs and their mimicking to biomolecules providing the ‘stealth effect’, high bone mineral affinity of PPDEs, and adjustable hydrolytic stability of PPDEs are the basis for various biomedical, industrial and household applications. Actual synthetic approaches to PPDEs are based on incredibly rich chemistry of organic phosphates and phosphonates, and include modern techniques such as catalytic ring-opening polymerization (ROP), acyclic diene metathesis (ADMET) polycondensation, and others.
  • 703
  • 09 Jan 2023
Topic Review
Structure-Based Drug Design
The functionality of a protein is dependent upon its structure, and structure-based drug design (SBDD) relies on the 3D structural information of the target protein, which can be acquired from experimental methods, such as X-ray crystallography, NMR spectroscopy and cryo-electron microscopy (cryo-EM). The aim of SBDD is to predict the Gibbs free energy of binding (ΔGbind), the binding affinity of ligands to the binding site, by simulating the interactions between them.
  • 1.5K
  • 09 Jan 2023
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