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Topic Review
Surface Treatments of PEEK for Osseointegration to Bone
Polymers, in general, and Poly (Ether-Ether-Ketone) (PEEK) have emerged as potential alternatives to conventional osseous implant biomaterials. Due to its distinct advantages over metallic implants, PEEK has been gaining increasing attention as a prime candidate for orthopaedic and dental implants. Although a myriad of permutations and combinations of different surface treatments are employed to alter the surface topography of PEEK, for the sake of simplicity, these treatments have been classified into the following categories: physical treatment, chemical treatment, surface coating, and composite preparation, with the first surface treatment in the combination determining the classification. Though these terms are arbitrary and could lead to considerable overlap, physical and chemical treatments can be grouped into a subtractive form of surface modification while surface coating can be regarded as an additive form.
  • 309
  • 15 Mar 2023
Topic Review
Mechanochemical Synthesis of Nanoparticles
Various solvent-based approaches have been already used to synthesize porous materials. Mechanochemical synthesis is one of the effective eco-friendly alternatives to the conventional synthesis. It adopts the efficient mixing of reactants using ball milling without or with a very small volume of solvents, gives smaller size nanoparticles (NPs) and larger surface area, and facilitates their functionalization, which is highly beneficial for antimicrobial applications.
  • 1.2K
  • 15 Mar 2023
Topic Review
Nanotechnology for Neurological Disorders after Long COVID Syndrome
Long-term neurological complications, persisting in patients who cannot fully recover several months after severe SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus infection, are referred to as neurological sequelae of the long COVID syndrome. Among the numerous clinical post-acute COVID-19 symptoms, neurological and psychiatric manifestations comprise prolonged fatigue, “brain fog”, memory deficits, headache, ageusia, anosmia, myalgias, cognitive impairments, anxiety, and depression lasting several months. Considering that neurons are highly vulnerable to inflammatory and oxidative stress damages following the overproduction of reactive oxygen species (ROS), neuroinflammation and oxidative stress have been suggested to dominate the pathophysiological mechanisms of the long COVID syndrome. It is emphasized that mitochondrial dysfunction and oxidative stress damages are crucial for the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative disorders. Importantly, antioxidant therapies have the potential to slow down and prevent disease progression. However, many antioxidant compounds display low bioavailability, instability, and transport to targeted tissues, limiting their clinical applications. Various nanocarrier types, e.g., liposomes, cubosomes, solid lipid nanoparticles, micelles, dendrimers, carbon-based nanostructures, nanoceria, and other inorganic nanoparticles, can be employed to enhance antioxidant bioavailability. Here, the potential of phytochemical antioxidants and other neuroprotective agents (curcumin, quercetin, vitamins C, E and D, melatonin, rosmarinic acid, N-acetylcysteine, and Ginkgo Biloba derivatives) in therapeutic strategies for neuroregeneration is highlighted. A particular focus is given to the beneficial role of nanoparticle-mediated drug-delivery systems in addressing the challenges of antioxidants for managing and preventing neurological disorders as factors of long COVID sequelae.  
  • 596
  • 14 Mar 2023
Topic Review
Graphene Oxide Obtained by Different Methods
Two-dimensional sp2 hybridized graphene has become a material of choice in research due to the excellent properties it displays electrically, thermally, optically and mechanically. Noble nanomaterials also present special physical and chemical properties and, therefore, they provide model building blocks in modifying nanoscale structures for various applications, ranging from nanomedicine to catalysis and optics. The introduction of noble metal nanoparticles (NPs) (Au, Ag and Pd) into chemically derived graphene is important in opening new avenues for both materials in different fields where they can provide hybrid materials with exceptional performance due to the synergistical result of the specific properties of each of the materials. 
  • 502
  • 14 Mar 2023
Topic Review
Principle of Cold Spray Technology
Copper (Cu)-based composite coatings have been widely applied in all kinds of important industry fields due to their outstanding comprehensive properties. The preparation temperature of a composite coating is the key factor affecting the properties, so the cold spray (CS) technology is characterized by low-temperature solid-state deposition, which ensures its emergence as the most promising technology for preparing the Cu-based composite coatings. The CS process is achieved using high-pressure gas, during which the solid particles are regulated to impact the substrate at a supersonic speed and then deposited on the substrate surface to form a coating through severe plastic deformation. As a low-temperature solid-state deposition method, CS is characterized by a low deposition temperature, a low oxidation ratio of powder, a high deposition efficiency, little thermal influence on the substrate, etc., by which coatings with low porosity, high compactness, and controllable thickness can be prepared, establishing its indispensable position among coating preparation technologies.
  • 468
  • 14 Mar 2023
Topic Review
Resistive Random-Access Memory
Resistive random access memory (RRAM), also often referred to as a memristor, is a non-volatile memory made from the simple structure of a metal–insulator–metal (MIM) sandwich, which is generally integrated into an elementary crossbar circuit. Resistive random access memory stands out among memory technologies due to its scalability, high-speed operation, and low power consumption. 
  • 971
  • 14 Mar 2023
Topic Review
Additives Used in Anaerobic Digestion
Anaerobic digestion involves the degradation of a biodegradable substance, such as sewage sludge by anaerobic microorganisms in an oxygen-free system.
  • 1.2K
  • 13 Mar 2023
Topic Review
Biogenic Silver Nanoparticles for Their Biomedical Applications
Nanoparticles can be synthesized through physical, chemical, and biological routes, where biologically synthesized nanoparticles are also referred to as biogenic-synthesized nanoparticles or bionanoparticles. Bionanoparticles exploit the inherent reducing property of biological entities to develop cost-effective, non-toxic, time-efficient, sustainable, and stable nanosized particles. There is a wide array biomedical focus on metallic nanoparticles, especially silver nanoparticles, due to their distinctive physiochemical properties making them a suitable therapeutic molecule carrier. This research aims to provide a broad insight into the various classes of living organisms that can be exploited for the development of silver nanoparticles, and elaboratively review the interdisciplinary biomedical applications of biogenically synthesized silver nanoparticles in health and life sciences domains.
  • 629
  • 13 Mar 2023
Topic Review
Surface Plasmon Coupled Emission Technology
Novel nano-engineering protocols have been actively synergized with fluorescence spectroscopic techniques to yield higher intensity from radiating dipoles, through the process termed plasmon-enhanced fluorescence (PEF). Consequently, the limit of detection of analytes of interest has been dramatically improvised on account of higher sensitivity rendered by augmented fluorescence signals. Metallic thin films sustaining surface plasmon polaritons (SPPs) have been creatively hybridized with such PEF platforms to realize a substantial upsurge in the global collection efficiency in a judicious technology termed surface plasmon-coupled emission (SPCE). This Editorial Review by Dr. Seemesh Bhaskar, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, provides a spotlight on the latest developments in SPCE substrate engineering to the broad audience of photo-plasmonics, spectroscopy, micro- & nanotechnology, life sciences, thin films and point-of-care diagnostics.
  • 591
  • 13 Mar 2023
Topic Review Peer Reviewed
Approaches to the Development of Advanced Alloys Based on Refractory Metals
The most promising directions of the development of heat-resistant alloys (HRAs) based on refractory metals are analyzed. The microstructures characteristic of HRAs, which it is advisable to form in promising alloys, are considered. The stability factors of the microstructure with respect to the diffusion coarsening of the hardening phases are discussed. Two groups of alloys are considered as the most promising HRAs based on refractory metals. First, the principles for design of HRAs based on (Pt, Ir)-Sc with heterophase γ-γ’ microstructure, where γ-matrix is a (Pt, Ir) solid solution with a FCC lattice, and γ’ is a strengthening phase with the structure L12 by analogy with Ni-base superalloys, are developed. The resistance of γ-γ’ microstructure in Ni, Pt and Ir alloys against the process of diffusion-limited coarsening is analyzed. It is shown that the diffusion permeability of Pt is several times less than that of Ni, so one should expect that Pt-based HRAs will not be inferior to Ni-based HRAs in terms of structural stability. The second group includes HRAs based on many not noble refractory metals. It is shown that solid solutions of the system (Ti, Zr, Hf, Ta, Nb) with a BCC lattice can be considered as a matrix of advanced refractory HRAs. The results of experimental studies of alloys based on (Ti, Zr, Hf, Ta, Nb) additionally alloyed with elements contributing to the formation of strengthening intermetallic and silicide phases are discussed. The issues of segregation of alloying elements at the grain boundaries of refractory alloys and the effect of segregation on the cohesive strength of the boundaries are considered.
  • 569
  • 13 Mar 2023
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