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Topic Review
Mechanism of Action of Tetrabromobisphenol A
Brominated flame retardants (BFR) have been extensively applied to reduce the flammability of some commercial products such as furniture, circuit boards, textiles, polystyrene foams, epoxy resins, and padding materials, because of their potency and ability to meet safety standards. These BFRs include chemicals, such as chlorine, bromine, and phosphorus. Currently, tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBPA) is among the most utilized flame retardants in the industry globally, which is classified as an endocrine disruptor. Endocrine disruptors are chemical compounds which inhibit the activities of natural hormones in the body, such as secretion, binding, transport, synthesis, action, or elimination responsible for maintaining reproduction, homeostasis, behavior, or development. Numerous concerns have been raised about human exposure to these disruptors, primarily because of the assumed detrimental effect they pose to human health. Owing to the high volume of production and potential human exposures, the toxicity of TBBPA has been investigated in a number of experimental studies. Research carried out on TBBPA has revealed less than 4% of its particles in dust are respirable and less than 10 µm can be absorbed from the lungs for systemic circulation after inhalation. However, based on the physicochemical properties of TBBPA, its absorption via dermal exposure is expected to be poor. Data from an in vitro study, conducted with human skin, showed that less than 1% of the administered dose was absorbed dermally. Human samples and rat strains have been studied for the metabolism and toxicokinetic action of TBBPA, which has confirmed that TBBPA can be absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract and rapidly eliminated after conjugation or Phase II metabolism to more water-soluble metabolites. TBBPA has low (F < 0.05) systemic bioavailability due to its extensive hepatic bio-transformation to glucuronides and sulfates, which are excreted from the liver predominantly with bile as a result of their high molecular weight. Knudsen’s group observed in their study that excretion was delayed only after a single dose of 1000 mg/kg bw, was orally administered, obviously because of the saturation of conjugation reactions. Other studies, showed that more than 95% of TBBPA administered orally is partially excreted as the parent compound and in feces it is eliminated in the form of metabolites within 3 days after a single dose with accompanying minute tissue retention or bioaccumulation, even at lower doses. ln human plasma, the expected half-life of TBBPA-glucuronide is estimated to be between 2 and 3 days.
  • 273
  • 27 Mar 2023
Topic Review
Cobalt Sulfide-Based Composite Material for Photocatalysis
Photocatalysis, as an inexpensive and safe technology to convert solar energy, is essential for the efficient utilization of sustainable renewable energy sources. Earth-abundant cobalt sulfide-based composites have generated great interest in the field of solar fuel conversion because of their cheap, diverse structures and facile preparation.
  • 322
  • 27 Mar 2023
Topic Review
Bisphenol A in Related Pathological Conditions
Bisphenol A (BPA) is one of the so-called endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs) and is thought to be involved in the pathogenesis of different morbid conditions: immune-mediated disorders, type-2 diabetes mellitus, cardiovascular diseases, and cancer. 
  • 789
  • 27 Mar 2023
Topic Review
Metal-Organic Frameworks in Phototherapy
The use of metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) in the biomedical field has grown significantly in recent years. Due to their distinct properties, including their porous structure, large surface area, and inherent photo-responsive properties, MOFs can be particularly useful in the fields of cancer phototherapy and immunotherapy. MOF nanoplatforms have successfully demonstrated their ability to address several drawbacks associated with cancer phototherapy and immunotherapy, enabling an effective and low-side-effect combinatorial synergistical treatment for cancer.
  • 514
  • 25 Mar 2023
Topic Review
Photocatalysis for Water Purification
Endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs) in the aquatic environment have garnered a lot of attention during the past few years. Due to their toxic behavior, which interferes with endocrine functions in both humans and aquatic species, these types of compounds have been recognized as major polluting agents in wastewater effluents. Therefore, the development of efficient and sustainable removal methods for these emerging contaminants is essential. Photocatalytic removal of emerging contaminants using silver carbonate (Ag2CO3)-based photocatalyst is a promising process due to the unique characteristics of this catalyst, such as absorption of a larger fraction of the solar spectrum, wide band gap, non-toxicity, and low cost. The photocatalytic performance of Ag2CO3 has recently been improved through the doping of elements and optimization variation of operational parameters resulting in decreasing the rate of electron–hole pair recombination and an increase in the semiconductor’s excitation state efficiency, which enables the degradation of contaminants under UV or visible light exposure. This entry summarized some of the relevant investigations related to Ag2CO3-based photocatalytic materials for EDC removal from water. The inclusion of Ag2CO3-based photocatalytic materials in the water recovery procedure suggests that the creation of a cutting-edge protocol is essential for successfully eliminating EDCs from the ecosystem.
  • 585
  • 24 Mar 2023
Topic Review
Eggshell Membrane for Bone Regeneration
The physicochemical features of the avian eggshell membrane play an essential role in the process of calcium carbonate deposition during shell mineralization, giving rise to a porous mineralized tissue with remarkable mechanical properties and biological functions. The membrane could be useful by itself or as a bi-dimensional scaffold to build future bone-regenerative materials.
  • 899
  • 24 Mar 2023
Topic Review
Application Fields of Silver Nanoparticles
New antiviral drugs and new preventive antiviral strategies are a target of intense scientific interest. Thanks to their peculiar properties, nanomaterials play an important role in this field, and, in particular, among metallic materials, silver nanoparticles were demonstrated to be effective against a wide range of viruses, in addition to having a strong antibacterial effect. Although the mechanism of antiviral action is not completely clarified, silver nanoparticles can directly act on viruses, and on their first steps of interaction with the host cell, depending on several factors, such as size, shape, functionalization and concentration. 
  • 858
  • 24 Mar 2023
Topic Review
Lipid-Based Nano-Systems
Lipid-based delivery systems can be similarly designed to encapsulate and protect bioactive ingredients and enhance their functionality, stability, and bioavailability. Lipid-based delivery systems are composed of lipids such as triglycerides, phospholipids, and waxes, which form a stable matrix that can encapsulate various types of bioactive ingredients such as vitamins, minerals, and flavonoids.
  • 644
  • 24 Mar 2023
Topic Review
Naringin
Polyphenols comprise a number of natural substances, such as flavonoids, that show interesting biological effects. Among these substances is naringin, a naturally occurring flavanone glycoside found in citrus fruits and Chinese medicinal herbs. Several studies have shown that naringin has numerous biological properties, including cardioprotective, cholesterol-lowering, anti-Alzheimer’s, nephroprotective, antiageing, antihyperglycemic, antiosteoporotic and gastroprotective, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, antiapoptotic, anticancer and antiulcer effects. Despite its multiple benefits, the clinical application of naringin is severely restricted due to its susceptibility to oxidation, poor water solubility, and dissolution rate.
  • 1.2K
  • 24 Mar 2023
Topic Review
Protection of Iron by Corrosion Inhibitors
Iron is a widely used metal due to its low cost and availability, but it is susceptible to corrosion in many circumstances. This corrosion can result in economic and environmental losses, and negatively affect the physical and chemical properties of the metal.
  • 1.2K
  • 24 Mar 2023
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