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Topic Review
Raman Spectroscopy for Monitoring of Photopolymerization Systems
Raman spectroscopy provides the flexibility and resolution needed for in-situ and real-time monitoring of a wide variety of photopolymerization systems, as well as characterization of polymers resulting from these inherently fast and energy-efficient reactions.
  • 154
  • 27 Sep 2023
Topic Review
Raman and Fluorescence Enhancement Approaches
The search for novel platforms and metamaterials for the enhancement of optical and particularly Raman signals is still an objective since optical techniques offer affordable, noninvasive methods with high spatial resolution and penetration depth adequate to detect and image a large variety of systems, from 2D materials to molecules in complex media and tissues. Plasmonic platforms produce the most efficient enhancement through the surface enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) process, allowing to reach single molecule detection, and are the most studied ones. The formation of hot-spots is clue to obtain the maximum enhancements but has counterparts regarding reproducibility and homogeneity, which are required for quantification and imaging. Other light enhancement mechanisms such as resonant and interference Raman scattering, as well as their combinations with SERS are being explored. Fluorescence enhancement platforms and strategies, so important for bio-detection and imaging, are also being developed. Graphene and related materials have an important role to play in the design of the platforms.    
  • 1.1K
  • 16 Mar 2021
Topic Review
Radiopaque Crystalline, Non-Crystalline and Nanostructured Bioceramics
Radiopacity is sometimes an essential characteristic of biomaterials that can help clinicians perform follow-ups during pre- and post-interventional radiological imaging. Due to their chemical composition and structure, most bioceramics are inherently radiopaque but can still be doped/mixed with radiopacifiers to increase their visualization during or after medical procedures. The radiopacifiers are frequently heavy elements of the periodic table, such as Bi, Zr, Sr, Ba, Ta, Zn, Y, etc., or their relevant compounds that can confer enhanced radiopacity. Radiopaque bioceramics are also intriguing additives for biopolymers and hybrids, which are extensively researched and developed nowadays for various biomedical setups. 
  • 502
  • 04 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Radiolabeled Peptoids and Peptoid/Peptide Hybrids for Cancer-Targeted Imaging
Peptoids (N-substituted glycine oligomers) are a relatively new class of peptidomimetics, being highly versatile and capable of mimicking the architectures and the activities of the peptides but with a marked resistance to proteases and a propensity to cross the cellular membranes over the peptides themselves. For these properties, they have gained an ever greater interest in applications in bioengineering and biomedical fields.
  • 230
  • 30 Nov 2023
Topic Review
Radiolabeled Gold Nanoseeds and Glioblastoma Multiforme
Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM), classified as a grade IV brain tumor, represents the most frequent brain tumor, accounting for approximately 12–15% of all intracranial neoplasms. Current therapeutic strategies for GBM rely on open surgery, chemotherapy and radiotherapy. Despite some progress in the past 30 years, the overall survival of patients with glioblastoma remains extremely poor. The average lifespan is approximately 15 months after diagnosis, with most patients experiencing tumor relapse and outgrowth within 7–10 months of initial radiation therapy.
  • 639
  • 14 Jan 2022
Topic Review
Radio-Absorbing Materials and Technologies for Their Production
Radio waves cover a fairly wide spectrum of the frequency range (the range of waves used is from ultra-long to millimeter; the range is from centimeters and meters to thousands of kilometers) and are harmonic signals modulated in amplitude and frequency. The main source of powerful electromagnetic radiation is an antenna that radiates a flow of electromagnetic energy in a directionally or non-directionally into the surrounding space.
  • 1.7K
  • 17 Aug 2022
Topic Review
Radical
In chemistry, a free radical is an atom, molecule, or ion that has at least one unpaired valence electron. With some exceptions, these unpaired electrons make radicals highly chemically reactive. Many radicals spontaneously dimerize. Most organic radicals have short lifetimes. A notable example of a radical is the hydroxyl radical (HO·), a molecule that has one unpaired electron on the oxygen atom. Two other examples are triplet oxygen and triplet carbene (꞉CH2) which have two unpaired electrons. Radicals may be generated in a number of ways, but typical methods involve redox reactions. Ionizing radiation, heat, electrical discharges, and electrolysis are known to produce radicals. Radicals are intermediates in many chemical reactions, more so than is apparent from the balanced equations. Radicals are important in combustion, atmospheric chemistry, polymerization, plasma chemistry, biochemistry, and many other chemical processes. A majority of natural products are generated by radical-generating enzymes. In living organisms, the radicals superoxide and nitric oxide and their reaction products regulate many processes, such as control of vascular tone and thus blood pressure. They also play a key role in the intermediary metabolism of various biological compounds. Such radicals can even be messengers in a process dubbed redox signaling. A radical may be trapped within a solvent cage or be otherwise bound.
  • 1.5K
  • 15 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Radiation-engineered nano-scale bio-hybrid polymer devices
Bio-hybrid hydrogels consist of a water-swollen hydrophilic polymer network encapsulating or conjugating single biomolecules, or larger and more complex biological constructs like whole cells. By modulating at least one dimension of the hydrogel system at the micro- or nanoscale, the activity of the biological component can be extremely upgraded with clear advantages for the development of therapeutic or diagnostic micro- and nano-devices. Gamma or e-beam irradiation of polymers allow a good control of the chemistry at the micro-/nanoscale with minimal recourse to toxic reactants and solvents. Another potential advantage is to obtain simultaneous sterilization when the absorbed doses are within the sterilization dose range.
  • 796
  • 29 Jan 2021
Topic Review
Radiation-Assisted Synthesis of Polymer-Based Nanomaterials
Nanotechnology is the science and technology of making and using very small structures called nanomaterials. As the scales of the constructions become smaller, the conventional methods of making these structures—lithography, etching, micromolding—reach physical limits and it becomes extremely difficult to apply these top-down methods at nanoscale dimensions. To overcome the limitations and create smaller and ordered structures, a so-called “bottom-up” approach must be used. As the component size decreases in nanofabrication, the “bottom-up” approach is being increasingly used in the preparation of nanomaterials, which are materials with at least in one dimension less than 100 nm in size.
  • 547
  • 10 Sep 2021
Topic Review
Radiation Induced Graft Copolymerization
Radiation-induced graft copolymerization (RIGC) is a powerful technique enabling permanent tunable and desired surface modifications imparting antimicrobial properties to polymer substrates to prevent disease transmission and provide safer biomaterials and healthcare products.
  • 535
  • 19 Oct 2021
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