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Topic Review
Rheological Behavior of Cement Paste
The rheological behavior of cement paste displays several complexities such as non-linearity, yielding, time-dependence and chemical changes. The most common testing procedures allowing for the characterization of this behavior have been reported. For flow behavior, the most relevant protocol consists of the application of a ramp sweep (shear rate or shear stress) so that the flow curve (shear stress as a function of the shear rate) is at steady state flow. The structural build-up can be characterized by static yield stress measurements or the SAOS protocol for various resting times. The non-linearity of flow behavior corresponds to a shear-thinning/shear-thickening phenomenon that can be represented by the Herschel–Bulkley model. If the shear-thinning phenomenon can be related to the flocculation state, the origins of shear thickening are not clearly elucidated. Theories based on order–disorder transition, particle clustering, or viscous/inertial regime transition have been developed to explain the appearance of shear thickening. 
  • 566
  • 17 Aug 2023
Topic Review
TiO2 Nanoparticles Monitoring
In recent years, titanium dioxide (TiO2) has increasingly been used as an inorganic ultraviolet (UV) filter for sun protection. However, nano-TiO2 may also pose risks to the health of humans and the environment. Thus, to adequately assess its potential adverse effects, a comprehensive understanding of the behaviour and fate of TiO2 in different environments is crucial. Advances in analytical and modelling methods continue to improve researchers’ ability to quantify and determine the state of nano-TiO2 in various environments. However, due to the complexity of environmental and nanoparticle factors and their interplay, this remains a challenging and poorly resolved feat.
  • 565
  • 24 Mar 2021
Topic Review
Polyphenols and Visual Health
Dietary polyphenols are a group of natural compounds that have been proposed to have beneficial effects on human health. They were first known for their antioxidant properties, but several studies over the years have shown that these compounds can exert protective effects against chronic diseases. Nonetheless, the mechanisms underlying these potential benefits are still uncertain and contradictory effects have been reported. The effect of these compounds on visual health, and particularly on retinal degenerative diseases, is a matter of renewed interest and recent studies show promising results for the use of these compounds to improve visual function.
  • 565
  • 11 Jun 2021
Topic Review
Poly(Lactic-Co-Glycolic Acid)-Gold Nanoparticles
A composite system consisting of both organic and inorganic nanoparticles is an approach to prepare a new material exhibiting “the best of both worlds”. With the current clinically use of poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid)-gold nanoparticles (PLGA-GNP), PLGA-based nanocarriers have promising pharmaceutical applications and can “extract and utilize” the fascinating optical and photothermal properties of encapsulated GNP. The resulting “golden polymeric nanocarrier” can be tracked, analyzed, and visualized using the encapsulated gold nanoprobes which facilitate a better understanding of the hosting nanocarrier’s pharmacokinetics and biological fate. In addition, the “golden polymeric nanocarrier” can reveal superior nanotherapeutics that combine both the photothermal effect of the encapsulated gold nanoparticles and co-loaded chemotherapeutics. 
  • 565
  • 07 Apr 2022
Topic Review
Chitosan in Sustainable Development
The chitosan shows interesting and unique properties, thus it can be used for different purposes which contributes to the design and development of sustainable novel materials. This helps in promoting sustainability through the use of chitosan and diverse materials based on it. 
  • 565
  • 19 Apr 2022
Topic Review
Flake Graphene-Based Nanomaterial in Non-Small Lung Cancer
Lung cancer is a highly aggressive neoplasm that is now a leading cause of cancer death worldwide. One of the major approaches for killing cancer cells is related with activation of apoptotic cell death with anti-cancer drugs. Regarding lung-cancer therapy, graphene was already considered as an attractive material for screening (biosensing) or direct anti-cancer treatment.
  • 565
  • 24 May 2022
Topic Review
Electrospun Nanofibers in Regeneration of Tissues and Organs
Electrospun techniques are promising and flexible technologies to fabricate ultrafine fiber/nanofiber materials from diverse materials with unique characteristics under optimum conditions. These fabricated fibers/nanofibers via electrospinning can be easily assembled into several shapes of three-dimensional (3D) structures and can be combined with other nanomaterials. Therefore, electrospun nanofibers, with their structural and functional advantages, have gained considerable attention from scientific communities as suitable candidates in biomedical fields, such as the regeneration of tissues and organs, where they can mimic the network structure of collagen fiber in its natural extracellular matrix(es). Due to these special features, electrospinning has been revolutionized as a successful technique to fabricate such nanomaterials from polymer media.
  • 565
  • 28 Jun 2022
Topic Review
Anti-Aggregation-Enabled Colorimetric Sensing Applications of Nanoparticles
Gold- and silver nanoparticles (Au NPs and Ag NPs)-based colorimetric detection of specific analytes has attracted intense research interest and is still in great demand. The majority of Au NPs- and Ag NPs-based sensory reports have revealed that, during the analyte recognition, dispersed NPs typically aggregated and displayed color changes from wine-red to blue/purple and yellow to orange/brown, respectively. On the other hand, only a few reports demonstrated that the aggregated Au NPs and Ag NPs underwent anti-aggregation in the presence of certain analytes, which displayed reversed color changes from blue/purple to wine-red and orange/brown to yellow, correspondingly. There are some examples of anti-aggregation phenomena mentioned in a vast number of studies on Au NPs- and Ag NPs-based colorimetric sensors via NP aggregation.
  • 565
  • 29 Dec 2022
Topic Review
Heteronuclear Metal Complexes with Anticancer Activity
Transition metal complexes have been deeply studied for different applications, such as catalysis, antimicrobial, and also antitumoral drugs. Platinum complexes are probably the most well-known and studied in the field of anticancer compounds, also thanks to the omnipresence of cisplatin and its derivatives as a starting point. Two promising new strategies to increase the efficacy of transition metal-based complexes have been described. First, the possibility of assembling two biologically active fragments containing different metal centres into the same molecule were considered, thus obtaining a heterobimetallic complex. Secondly, the conjugation of metal-based complexes to a targeting moiety was discussed.
  • 565
  • 09 Jan 2023
Topic Review
Polymeric Nanostructures Containing Proteins
Over the last three decades, proteins and peptides have attracted great interest as drugs of choice for combating a broad spectrum of diseases, including diabetes mellitus, cancer, and infectious and neurological diseases. However, the delivery of therapeutic proteins to target sites should take into account the obstacles and limitations related to their intrinsic sensitivity to different environmental conditions, fragile tertiary structures, and short half-life. Polymeric nanostructures have emerged as competent vehicles for protein delivery, as they are multifunctional and can be tailored according to their peculiarities.
  • 564
  • 24 Feb 2022
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