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Topic Review
Plasmonic Biosensors for Single-molecule Detection
Plasmonic biosensing has enabled the design of novel detection strategies capable of targeting individual molecules while evaluating their binding affinity and biological interactions.
  • 617
  • 22 Apr 2021
Topic Review
Applications of Polysaccharide Stalks in Didymosphenia geminata Diatom
Didymosphenia geminata is a species of freshwater diatom that is known as invasive and is propagating quickly around the world. The polysaccharide-based stalks of D. geminata enable versatile potential applications and use as a biopolymer, in drug delivery and wound healing, and as biocompatible scaffolding in cell adhesion and proliferation. Furthermore, the polysaccharide nature of stalks and their metal-adsorption capacity allow them to have excellent wastewater remediation potential.
  • 617
  • 29 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Chrysoeriol7 against Brown Planthopper in Rice
Brown planthopper (BPH, Nilaparvata lugens Stal.) is the most damaging rice pest affecting stable rice yields worldwide. Currently, methods for controlling BPH include breeding a BPH‐resistant cultivar and using synthetic pesticides. Nevertheless, the continuous cultivation of resistant cultivars allows for the emergence of various resistant races, and the use of synthetic pesticides can induce environmental pollution as well as the emergence of unpredictable new pest species. As plants cannot migrate to other locations on their own to combat various stresses, the production of secondary metabolites allows plants to protect themselves from stress and tolerate their reproduction. Pesticides using natural products are currently being developed to prevent environmental pollution and ecosystem disturbance caused by synthetic pesticides. In this study, after BPH infection in rice, chrysoeriol7 (C7), a secondary metabolite that induces resistance against BPH, was assessed. After C7 treatment and BPH infection, relative expression levels of the flavonoid‐related genes were elevated, suggesting that in plants subjected to BPH, compounds related to flavonoids, among the secondary metabolites, play an important role in inducing resistance. The plant‐derived natural compound chrysoeriol7 can potentially thus be used to develop environmentally friendly pesticides. The suggested control of BPH can be effectively used to alleviate concerns regarding environmental pollution and to construct a relatively safe rice breeding environment.
  • 617
  • 21 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Mars Oxygen ISRU Experiment
The Mars Oxygen In-Situ Resource Utilization Experiment (MOXIE) is a technology demonstration on the NASA Mars 2020 rover Perseverance investigating the production of oxygen on Mars. On April 20, 2021, MOXIE produced oxygen from carbon dioxide in the Martian atmosphere by using solid oxide electrolysis. This was the first experimental extraction of a natural resource from another planet for human use. The technology may be scaled up for use in a human mission to the planet to provide breathable oxygen, oxidizer, and propellant; water may also be produced by combining the produced oxygen with hydrogen. The experiment was a collaboration between the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, the Haystack Observatory, the NASA/Caltech Jet Propulsion Laboratory, and other institutions.
  • 617
  • 28 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Glass–fibre–reinforced Polymer
Wind barrier structures are usually installed on railway bridges to reduce wind effects on travelling trains for safety considerations. This however adversely transfers wind loads and causes associated aerodynamic effects to the bridge. An innovative concept of wind barriers using glass fibre reinforced polymer (GFRP) composites is proposed in this work with experimental investigations and numerical modelling. This work provides a solution to mitigate the wind and associated aerodynamic loads. With an appropriate design of bending stiffness, the proposed barriers may deform adaptively in strong wind scenarios and let the wind to pass through their deformed shape and therefore transfer less load to the bridge. Wind-tunnel experiments and numerical studies are conducted on the aerodynamic responses of the train-barrier-bridge system under crosswind with various speeds. The influences of barrier height, air-flow speed and location of the train on the aerodynamic responses of the system were clarified. Both reduced-scale and full-scale finite element models were established for the train-barrier-bridge system and the results were validated with the experimental results to further support the research findings.
  • 616
  • 22 Oct 2020
Topic Review
MS Combined with EAOPs
Membrane separation (MS) and electrochemical advanced oxidation process (EAOPs) are the important technologies in water pollution control. They can not only effectively remove pollutants in water, but also have the advantages of environmental friendliness, easy automation and low land occupation. However, both MS and EAOPs still have some problems to overcome, namely membrane fouling and high energy consumption. In recent years, many researchers proposed that the combination of the two technologies can overcome this problem. In this case, both of them can be used as a pretreatment for the other to achieve different purposes. When MS is prior to EAOPs, the purpose is to reduce the turbidity as well as to concentrate pollutants and salinity in order to weaken the mass transfer limitation and increase the conductivity. When setting MS after EAOPs, the purpose is to treat the concentrate to meet the discharge standard or permeate water to further improve the quality for reuse. The combination of MS and EAOPs offers a valuable way to implement them in the practical project of wastewater treatment which deserves more attention.
  • 616
  • 20 Nov 2020
Topic Review
Nanofiber
Nanofibers are considered versatile materials with remarkable potential in tissue engineering and regeneration. In addition to their extracellular matrix-mimicking properties, nanofibers can be functionalized with specific moieties (e.g., antimicrobial nanoparticles, ceramics, bioactive proteins, etc.) to improve their overall performance.
  • 616
  • 29 Apr 2021
Topic Review
Nanoscience Delivery Systems Used in Nutricosmetic Sector
Nutricosmetics is a new cosmetics sector that uses an integrated “In and Out” approach. Cosmetic products together with food supplements such as micronutrients (minerals, vitamins), macronutrients (peptides, essential fatty acids), and botanicals (herbal and fruit extracts)  are employed to nourish the skin and reduce skin aging.  Biopolymeric nanoparticles, nanofibers, nanoemulsions, nanocapsules, and colloids are delivery systems applied to improve the bioactive components’ performance in food supplements and cosmetics. The toxicity of nano-sized delivery systems is unclear despite food supplements and cosmetic industries using them. 
  • 616
  • 23 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Skeletal Muscle Gene Delivery
Since Jon A. Wolff found skeletal muscle cells being able to express foreign genes and Russell J. Mumper increased the gene transfection efficiency into the myocytes by adding polymers, skeletal muscles have become a potential gene delivery and expression target. Different methods have been developing to deliver transgene into skeletal muscles. Among them, viral vectors may achieve potent gene delivery efficiency. Therefore, non-viral biomaterial-mediated methods with reliable biocompatibility are promising tools for intramuscular gene delivery in situ. A series of advanced non-viral gene delivery materials and related methods have been reported, such as polymers, liposomes, cell penetrating peptides, as well as physical delivery methods.
  • 616
  • 25 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Laser Cladding Coatings on Magnesium Alloys
The surface properties of magnesium alloys can be improved by Laser Cladding in order to increase wear and corrosion resistance manteining the lower density of these alloys. This can make magnesium alloys a promising structural material to be used as a substitute for metals traditionally used in the automotive and aircraft sector. 
  • 615
  • 28 Mar 2022
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