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Topic Review
Carbon-11 Production and Transformation
The short-lived positron-emitter carbon-11 (t1/2 = 20.4 min; β+, 99.8%) is prominent for labeling tracers for use in biomedical research with positron emission tomography (PET). Carbon-11 is produced for this purpose with a cyclotron, by the 14N(p,α)11C nuclear reaction, either on nitrogen containing a low concentration of oxygen (0.1–0.5%) or hydrogen (~5%) to produce [11C]carbon dioxide or [11C]methane, respectively. These primary radioactive products can be produced in high yields and with high molar activities. However, only [11C]carbon dioxide has some utility for directly labeling PET tracers. Primary products are required to be converted rapidly and efficiently into secondary labeling synthons to provide versatile radiochemistry for labeling diverse tracer chemotypes at molecular positions of choice. Because of their simplicity, reliability, re-usability, and amenability for automation, gas phase transformations play a major part in carbon-11 chemistry and in PET tracer development.
  • 300
  • 31 Jan 2024
Topic Review
g-C3N4 Photocatalysts
Graphitized carbon nitride (g-C3N4), as a metal-free, visible-light-responsive photocatalyst, has a very broad application prospect in the fields of solar energy conversion and environmental remediation. The g-C3N4 photocatalyst owns a series of conspicuous characteristics, such as very suitable band structure, strong physicochemical stability, abundant reserves, low cost, etc. Research on the g-C3N4 or g-C3N4-based photocatalysts for real applications has become a competitive hot topic and a frontier area with thousands of publications over the past 17 years. 
  • 223
  • 31 Jan 2024
Topic Review
Curcumin Inorganic Nanoparticles and its Anti-cancer Potential
Curcumin is a natural compound that has been widely investigated thanks to its various biological properties, including antiproliferative. This molecule acts on different cancers such as lung, breast, pancreatic, colorectal, etc. However, the bioactive actions of curcumin have limitations when its physicochemical properties compromise its pharmacological potential. As a therapeutic strategy against cancer, curcumin has been associated with inorganic nanoparticles. These nanocarriers are capable of delivering curcumin and offering physicochemical properties that synergistically enhance anticancer properties. 
  • 176
  • 31 Jan 2024
Topic Review
Methods of Manufacture of Lipid Nanoparticles
Lipid nanoparticles (LNPs) have gained prominence as primary carriers for delivering a diverse array of therapeutic agents. Biological products have achieved a solid presence in clinical settings, and the anticipation of creating novel variants is increasing. These products predominantly encompass therapeutic proteins, nucleic acids and messenger RNA. The advancement of efficient LNP-based delivery systems for biologics that can overcome their limitations remains a highly favorable formulation strategy. 
  • 194
  • 31 Jan 2024
Topic Review
Low-Dimensional Vanadium-Based High-Voltage Cathode Materials
Owing to their rich structural chemistry and unique electrochemical properties, vanadium-based materials, especially the low-dimensional ones, are showing promising applications in energy storage and conversion.
  • 126
  • 30 Jan 2024
Topic Review
Development of Transformation-Induced Plasticity/Twinning-Induced Plasticity Ti Alloys
Metastable β-type Ti alloys that undergo stress-induced martensitic transformation and/or deformation twinning mechanisms have the potential to simultaneously enhance strength and ductility through the transformation-induced plasticity effect (TRIP) and twinning-induced plasticity (TWIP) effect. These TRIP/TWIP Ti alloys represent a new generation of strain hardenable Ti alloys, holding great promise for structural applications. Nonetheless, the relatively low yield strength is the main factor limiting the practical applications of TRIP/TWIP Ti alloys. The intricate interplay among chemical compositions, deformation mechanisms, and mechanical properties in TRIP/TWIP Ti alloys poses a challenge for the development of new TRIP/TWIP Ti alloys. 
  • 86
  • 30 Jan 2024
Topic Review
Apricot Kernel By-Products and Their Value
Stone fruits, such as the apricot (Prunus armeniaca L.), are frequently consumed. As such, a substantial volume of apricot waste is generated at each stage of the food supply chain, including harvesting, processing, packaging, warehousing, transportation, retailing, and eventual consumption. Apricot kernels are recognized for their abundance of bioactive compounds, including polyphenols and tocopherols, which find utility in diverse sectors including cosmetology and the food industry. Both conventional and green methods are employed, and generally, green methods lead to higher extraction efficiency. The antimicrobial properties of apricot kernel essential oil have been widely recognized, leading to its extensive historical usage in the treatment of diverse ailments. In addition, apricot kernel oil possesses the capacity to serve as a viable resource for renewable fuels and chemicals.
  • 561
  • 30 Jan 2024
Topic Review
Nanomaterial-Based Biosensors for N-Terminal Pro-B-Type Natriuretic Peptide Detection
N-terminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP), a prominent cardiac biomarker, has gained significant recognition for its role in the diagnosis and prognosis of heart failure (HF). This biomarker is synthesized as a response to ventricular volume expansion and pressure overload, conditions often indicative of cardiac stress and dysfunction. The detection of NT-ProBNP, a crucial biomarker for cardiovascular diseases, has been significantly enhanced by the integration of nanomaterials into biosensor designs. These advancements leverage the unique properties of nanomaterials to achieve high sensitivity and specificity in NT-ProBNP detection. 
  • 153
  • 29 Jan 2024
Topic Review
Design of Composite Fibers for Brain
The brain consists of an interconnected network of neurons tightly packed in the extracellular matrix (ECM) to form complex and heterogeneous composite tissue. According to recent biomimicry approaches that consider biological features as active components of biomaterials, designing a highly reproducible microenvironment for brain cells can represent a key tool for tissue repair and regeneration. Indeed, this is crucial to support cell growth, mitigate inflammation phenomena and provide adequate structural properties needed to support the damaged tissue, corroborating the activity of the vascular network and ultimately the functionality of neurons. In this context, electro-fluid dynamic techniques (EFDTs), i.e., electrospinning, electrospraying and related techniques, offer the opportunity to engineer a wide variety of composite substrates by integrating fibers, particles, and hydrogels at different scales—from several hundred microns down to tens of nanometers—for the generation of countless patterns of physical and biochemical cues suitable for influencing the in vitro response of coexistent brain cell populations mediated by the surrounding microenvironment.
  • 144
  • 29 Jan 2024
Topic Review
Dimension Engineering in Noble-Metal-Based Nanocatalysts
Catalysts play a pivotal role in modern industries, such as energy, pharmaceuticals, and petrochemicals, serving as cornerstone of high-tech production. Noble metals, such as gold, silver, and platinum group elements, possess the superb catalytic characteristics of high-temperature oxidation resistance, corrosion resistance, stable electrochemical performance, high catalytic activity, and so on. These characteristics offer excellent prospects for applications in catalysis.
  • 178
  • 29 Jan 2024
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