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Topic Review
Cation–pi Interaction
Cation–π interaction is a noncovalent molecular interaction between the face of an electron-rich π system (e.g. benzene, ethylene, acetylene) and an adjacent cation (e.g. Li+, Na+). This interaction is an example of noncovalent bonding between a monopole (cation) and a quadrupole (π system). Bonding energies are significant, with solution-phase values falling within the same order of magnitude as hydrogen bonds and salt bridges. Similar to these other non-covalent bonds, cation–π interactions play an important role in nature, particularly in protein structure, molecular recognition and enzyme catalysis. The effect has also been observed and put to use in synthetic systems.
  • 439
  • 15 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Cationic Antibacterial Dendrimers
The alarming increase in antimicrobial resistance, based on the built-in abilities of bacteria to nullify the activity of current antibiotics, leaves a growing number of bacterial infections untreatable. An appealing approach, advanced in recent decades, concerns the development of novel agents able to interact with the external layers of bacteria, causing irreparable damage. Regarding this, some natural cationic antimicrobial peptides (CAMPs) have been reconsidered, and synthetic cationic polymers, mimicking CAMPs and able to kill bacteria by non-specific detrimental interaction with the negative bacterial membranes, have been proposed as promising solutions. Lately, also dendrimers were considered suitable macromolecules for the preparation of more advanced cationic biomimetic nanoparticles, able to harmonize the typical properties of dendrimers, including nanosize, mono-dispersion, long-term stability, high functionality, and the non-specific mechanism of action of CAMPs. Although cationic dendrimers are extensively applied in nanomedicine for drug or gene delivery, their application as antimicrobial agents is still in its infancy. In this first part of our overview on the main types of cationic antibacterial dendrimers, the state of the art of the potential applications of PAMAM and PPI-based agents has therefore been reviewed here, with particular attention to the innovative case studies reported in the literature 
  • 714
  • 14 Jan 2021
Topic Review
Cationic Surfactants
Cationic surfactants are a class of surfactant molecules that contain a positively charged head group and a long hydrophobic tail. They have a wide range of properties that make them useful in various applications, including solubility in water and organic solvents, high surface activity, emulsification, antimicrobial activity, conditioning properties, and fabric softening. However, some cationic surfactants can be toxic to aquatic life, so they should be used with caution in applications where they may come into contact with the environment. Overall, cationic surfactants are important molecules that play a crucial role in various industrial, personal care, and household applications. Cationic surfactants are a type of surfactant that have a positively charged hydrophilic (water-loving) head and a hydrophobic (water-hating) tail. The positive charge on the head of the surfactant makes it attracted to negatively charged surfaces, such as cell membranes and proteins. Due to their positive charge, cationic surfactants are often used in personal care and household cleaning products, as well as in the textile and paper industries. They are effective in removing dirt, oil, and other contaminants from surfaces, as they can bind to these substances and help to lift them away from the surface. Cationic surfactants can also have antimicrobial properties, as they can disrupt the cell membranes of bacteria and other microorganisms. This makes them useful in disinfectants, as well as in personal care products such as shampoos and body washes.
  • 3.5K
  • 24 Mar 2023
Topic Review
Causes and Mechanisms of Supercapacitor Ag(e)ing and Degradation
The most prominent and highly visible advantage attributed to supercapacitors of any type and application, beyond their most notable feature of high current and power capability, is their high stability in terms of lifetime, number of possible charge/discharge cycles or other stability-related properties. Actual devices show more or less pronounced deterioration of performance parameters during time and use, they show ageing.
  • 322
  • 15 Aug 2023
Topic Review
Cavity Disinfectants
Cavity disinfection becomes an important step before a dental restorative procedure. The disinfection can be obtained cleaning the dental cavity with antimicrobial agents before the use of adhesive systems. 
  • 1.7K
  • 27 Jan 2021
Topic Review
CDs as Antimicrobial Agents
Carbon dots (CDs) have been identified as a promising class of photosensitiser nanomaterials for the specific detection and inactivation of different bacterial species. CDs possess exceptional and tuneable chemical and photoelectric properties that make them excellent candidates for antibacterial theranostic applications, such as great chemical stability, high water solubility, low toxicity and excellent biocompatibility. 
  • 763
  • 29 Jul 2021
Topic Review
CdTe Solar Cells
Cadmium telluride (CdTe) has achieved a truly impressive development that can commercially compete with silicon, which is still the king of the market. Solar cells made on a laboratory scale have reached efficiencies close to 22%, while modules made with fully automated in-line machines show efficiencies above 18%. Based on the research developed in our laboratory, the fabrication processes of both CdTe polycrystalline thin-film solar cells and photovoltaic modules are critically discussed. The most common substrates, the constituent layers and their interaction, the interfaces and the different “tricks” commonly used for obtaining highly efficient devices will be analyzed.
  • 1.3K
  • 01 Nov 2020
Topic Review
Cell Membrane-Targeted Bioprobes for the Imaging of Organelles
Organelles are important subsystems of cells. The damage and inactivation of organelles are closely related to the occurrence of diseases. Organelles’ functional activity can be observed by fluorescence molecular tools. Nowadays, a series of aggregation-induced emission (AIE) bioprobes with organelles-targeting ability have emerged, showing great potential in visualizing the interactions between probes and different organelles.
  • 381
  • 06 Sep 2022
Topic Review
Cell Penetrating Peptides
Cell-penetrating peptides (CPPs) are peptides that can directly adapt to cell membranes and then permeate into cells. They are usually cationic for the electronic interactions between CPPs and anionic cell membrane. Meanwhile, some of them can target a specific protein at the same time. In nanomedicine, as an element, CPPs are usually covalently linked to the surface of nanocarriers to endow their permeability to the whole system.
  • 590
  • 14 Dec 2021
Topic Review
Cell Wall Polysaccharides in Gram-Positive and Gram-Negative Bacteria
Certain bacteria constitute a threat to humans due to their ability to escape host defenses as they easily develop drug resistance. Bacteria are classified into gram-positive and gram-negative according to the composition of the cell membrane structure. Gram-negative bacteria have an additional outer membrane (OM) that is not present in their gram-positive counterpart; the latter instead hold a thicker peptidoglycan (PG) layer. Bacterial resistance to these drugs continues to evolve, which calls for novel antibacterial approaches to be developed.
  • 1.7K
  • 05 Aug 2022
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