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Topic Review
Electrochemical Aptasensors
Over the last few decades, aptamers have attracted a lot of interest in the biosensor industry, because they are the next generation of target receptors that can replace antibody functions. SELEX is an automated procedure and needs only a few days to evolve some binders. This is much shorter compared to antibody selection, which often requires several months. Aptamers can even differentiate the chirality of a molecule and its secondary structure. Aptamers can choose any types of targets with no restrictions. The antibodies undergo permanent degradation, while aptamers can undergo several cycles of denaturation/regeneration. DNA aptamers are acceptable for the design of reusable aptamer detectors, while RNA aptamers can be single-dimensional. The use of aptamers is not limited to specific areas and can be used as recognition molecules in almost any domain. The main limitation is the degradation of RNAs aptamer by ribonuclease. These problems can be solved by modifying RNA aptamers. Another limitation is that the microenvironment will affect the structure of the aptamer and the interactions with the ligand-target. Moreover, the composition of salts has a significant effect on aptamer configuration. The integration of aptamers into detection platforms such as microfluidics and paper-based analytical devices and lab-on-a-chip (LOC) areas for point-of-care (POC) diagnosis is becoming increasingly popular. Aptamer-based detection systems meet most POC diagnostic requirements.
  • 1.3K
  • 28 Sep 2021
Topic Review
Microbial Degradation of Rubber: Actinobacteria
Rubber is an essential part of our daily lives with thousands of rubber-based products being made and used. Natural rubber undergoes chemical processes and structural modifications, while synthetic rubber, mainly synthetized from petroleum by-products are difficult to degrade safely and sustainably. The most prominent group of biological rubber degraders are Actinobacteria. Rubber degrading Actinobacteria contain rubber degrading genes or rubber oxygenase known as latex clearing protein (lcp). Rubber is a polymer consisting of isoprene, each containing one double bond. The degradation of rubber first takes place when lcp enzyme cleaves the isoprene double bond, breaking them down into the sole carbon and energy source to be utilized by the bacteria. Actinobacteria grow in diverse environments, and lcp gene containing strains have been detected from various sources including soil, water, human, animal, and plant samples. 
  • 1.3K
  • 23 Jun 2021
Topic Review
Hsp90 C-Terminal Inhibitors
Hsp90 is a molecular chaperone with over 300 client proteins that act in the cell cycle and in signalling processes. Disruption of Hsp90 chaperone activity by inhibitors induces simultaneous proteasomal degradation of many deregulated oncoproteins that are critical for all fundamental hallmarks of cancers. To date, mainly Hsp90 N-terminal domain inhibitors have been developed for cancer treatments; however, several of these have not been successful in clinical trials, often due to toxicity. One of the major drawbacks associated with Hsp90 N-terminal domain inhibition is induction of the pro-survival heat-shock response. This response results in increased levels of Hsp90 and anti-apoptotic proteins, such as heat shock factor 1 (HSF-1), Hsp27 and Hsp70, which initiate anti-apoptotic cascades and promote drug resistance, a highly problematic property of any anticancer drug. In contrast, Hsp90 C-terminal inhibitors do not induce the heat shock response, and are therefore promising novel agents for treatment of different cancers.
  • 1.3K
  • 09 Nov 2020
Topic Review
Contaminated Polymer Materials Shredding
Recently, a dynamic increase in the number of polymer elements ending their life cycle has been observed. There are three main ways of dealing with polymer waste: reuse in an unchanged form, recycling (both material and energy), and disposal (mainly in the form of landfilling or incineration). The legislation of European countries promotes in particular two forms of waste management: reuse and recycling. Recycling processes are used to recover materials and energy especially from contaminated waste, which are structurally changed by other materials, friction, temperature, machine, process, etc. The recycling of polymers, especially of multi-plastic struc-tural elements, requires the use of special technological installations and a series of preparatory operations, including crushing and separating.
  • 1.3K
  • 10 Mar 2021
Topic Review
MOFs for Mercury Detection
The advantages of metal organic frameworks (MOFs) are: existence of porosity to adsorb specific analyte, improved aqueous solubility, exceptional photophysical and chemical properties. MOFs are noted as exceptional candidates towards the detection and removal of specific analytes, particular for the detection/removal of environmental contaminants, such as heavy metal ions, toxic anions, hazardous gases, explosives, etc. Among heavy metal ions, mercury has been noted as a global hazard because of its high toxicity in the elemental (Hg0), divalent cationic (Hg2+), and methyl mercury (CH3Hg+) forms. To secure the environment and living organisms, many countries have imposed stringent regulations to monitor mercury at all costs. Regarding the detection/removal requirements of mercury, researchers have proposed and reported all kinds of MOFs-based luminescent/non-luminescent probes towards mercury.This review provides valuable information about the MOFs which have been engaged in detection and removal of elemental mercury and Hg2+ ions. Moreover, the involved mechanisms or adsorption isotherms related to sensors or removal studies are clarified for the readers. Finally, advantages and limitations of MOFs in mercury detection/removal are described together with future scopes.
  • 1.3K
  • 01 Jul 2021
Topic Review
MALDI Mass Spectrometry
MALDI Mass Spectrometry is an analytical technique able to study the complex interdependency between chemical interaction and structural conformation of several protein based assemblies.
  • 1.3K
  • 16 Nov 2020
Topic Review
Applications of Graphene Oxide (GO) Materials
Graphene-based materials, due to their high sensitivity, inexpensive, fast response and simple operation, are utilized in the fabrication of biosensors based on various sensing methods, such as optical and electrochemical signaling. These materials are successful electrode materials due to their electrochemical characteristics, which can enhance the detection of biomoleculessuch as thrombin, oligonucleotides, ATP, amino corrosives, and dopamine. Biomolecules have an essential duty in all life activities, such as disease development, so the precise identification of biomolecules is necessary for disease diagnosis and therapy.
  • 1.3K
  • 17 Jun 2022
Topic Review
Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances
Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) are a family of synthetic fluorinated organic compounds whose widespread use and resistance to biodegradation have led to their accumulation in the environment, causing growing concerns over their impact on humans.
  • 1.3K
  • 15 Jan 2021
Topic Review
Roles of the CXCL8-CXCR1/2 Axis in Cancer
In humans, Interleukin-8 (IL-8 or CXCL8) is a granulocytic chemokine with multiple roles within the tumor microenvironment (TME), such as recruiting immunosuppressive cells to the tumor, increasing tumor angiogenesis, and promoting epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT). 
  • 1.3K
  • 29 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Copper Chrome Arsenate Water-Borne Solution
Copper chrome arsenate (CCA) water-borne solution used to make timber is highly resistant to pests and fungi, in particular, wood products designed for outdoor use. Nowadays, CCA is a restricted chemical product in most countries, since potential environmental and health risks were reported due to dermal contact with CCA residues from treated structures and the surrounding soils. However, large quantities of CCA-treated timber are still in use in framings, outdoor playground equipment, landscaping, building poles, jetty piles, and fencing structures around the world, thus CCA remains a source of pollutants to the environment and of increasing toxic metal/metalloid exposure (mainly in children). International efforts have been dedicated to the treatment of materials impregnated with CCA, however not only does some reuse of CCA-treated timber still occur, but also existing structures are leaking the toxic compounds into the environment, with impacts on the environment and animal and human health.
  • 1.3K
  • 10 Jun 2021
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