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Topic Review
Engineered Lipidic Nanomaterials for Cancer Therapy
Sphingomyelin (SM) and its metabolites are crucial regulators of tumor cell growth, differentiation, senescence, and programmed cell death. With the rise in lipid-based nanomaterials, engineered lipidic nanomaterials inspired by SM metabolism, corresponding lipid targeting, and signaling activation have made fascinating advances in cancer therapeutic processes.
  • 361
  • 26 Jul 2023
Topic Review
AuNP-liposome Nanocomposites: Architectures, Chemistry of Preparation, Analytical Characterization
These contents aim to provide a comprehensive understanding of the various architectures of AuNP-liposome nanocomposites and the factors influencing their formation. The objectives of these contents are to: 1. Define the term "architecture" concerning the spatial assembly of AuNP (gold nanoparticles) and liposomes, highlighting the various forms in which these assemblies can exist. 2. Explain how the architectures of AuNP-liposome nanocomposites depend on factors such as the size, shape, and surface chemistry of AuNP, as well as the characteristics of the hosting liposomes and the methods used to prepare the nanocomposites. 4. Discuss the different starting materials that can be used to create AuNP-liposome nanocomposites, including pre-prepared AuNP, gold ions that need to be reduced in situ, and ionic/molecular precursors of gold. 4. Describe the specific chemistry which can be employed to encapsulate hydrophilic and hydrophobic pre-prepared AuNP into liposomes, depending on the type of interactions (electrostatic or covalent) provided and the size of the AuNP.
  • 335
  • 26 Jul 2023
Topic Review
Semiconductor Heterogeneous Photocatalysts
Semiconductor-based photocatalytic reactions are a practical class of advanced oxidation processes (AOPs) to address energy scarcity and environmental pollution. By utilizing solar energy as a clean, abundant, and renewable source, this process offers numerous advantages, including high efficiency, eco-friendliness, and low cost.
  • 328
  • 26 Jul 2023
Topic Review
Bone Grafts and Substitutes for Bone Repair
The ideal biomaterials substitute for bone repair should possess the following characteristics: provide osteogenic, osteoinductive and osteoconductive properties; stimulate the neo-angiogenesis process; absence of antigenic, teratogenic or carcinogenic reactions; avoid the systemic toxicity complications; assure satisfactory support and stability from mechanical properties point of view; hydrophilic nature of the surface properties and good interface with human bone; good handling in clinical condition and ability to be easy sterilized; and able to be supplied in sufficient quantities with reduced costs.
  • 339
  • 26 Jul 2023
Topic Review
Properties and Applications of Levan
Polysaccharides play a crucial role in medicine, pharmacy, and cosmetology, as well as in the production of biofuels and biomaterials. Among microbial biopolymers, microbial levan, a fructose polysaccharide, holds significant promise due to its high productivity and chemical diversity. Levan exhibits a wide range of properties, including film-forming ability, biodegradability, non-toxicity, self-aggregation, encapsulation, controlled release capacity, water retention, immunomodulatory and prebiotic activity, antimicrobial and anticancer activity, as well as high biocompatibility. These exceptional properties position levan as an attractive candidate for nature-based materials in food production, modern cosmetology, medicine, and pharmacy. 
  • 865
  • 26 Jul 2023
Topic Review
Lignocellulosic Bionanomaterials for Biosensor Applications
Lignocellulosic biomass is an attractive natural resource because of its abundance, renewability, recyclability, and low cost. The ever-increasing developments in nanotechnology have opened up new vistas in sensor fabrication such as biosensor design for electronics, communication, automobile, optical products, packaging, textile, biomedical, and tissue engineering. Due to their outstanding properties such as biodegradability, biocompatibility, non-toxicity, improved electrical and thermal conductivity, high physical and mechanical properties, high surface area and catalytic activity, lignocellulosic bionanomaterials including nanocellulose and nanolignin emerge as very promising raw materials to be used in the development of high-impact biosensors.
  • 224
  • 26 Jul 2023
Topic Review
Silica/Epoxy Nanocomposites Through Sol-Gel Chemistry
The “extra-situ” and “in situ” sol-gel routes to the synthesis of silica/epoxy nanocomposites are discussed. Based on the reported results, the “in situ” strategy is expected to be applicable to produce nanocomposites of different compositions for both filler than matrix nature and with dispersed phases more complex than the one already obtained till today with this simple and eco-friendly strategy.
  • 385
  • 26 Jul 2023
Topic Review
Pharmacological Activities of Betulin
Betulin is a natural triterpene, usually from birch bark, known for its potential wound-healing properties. Betulin has protective effects against cardiovascular and liver diseases, cancer, diabetes, oxidative stress, and inflammation. It reduces postprandial hyperglycemia by inhibiting α-amylase and α-glucosidase activity, combats tumor cells by inducing apoptosis and inhibiting metastatic proteins, and modulates chronic inflammation by blocking the expression of proinflammatory cytokines via modulation of the NFκB and MAPKs pathways.
  • 257
  • 25 Jul 2023
Topic Review
Dietary Supplements for Weight Loss Control
The market offers supplements containing food plant-derived molecules (e.g., primary and secondary metabolites, vitamins, and fibers), microbes (probiotics), and microbial-derived fractions (postbiotics). They can control lipid and carbohydrate metabolism, reduce appetite (interacting with the central nervous system) and adipogenesis, influence intestinal microbiota activity, and increase energy expenditure. Unfortunately, the copious choice of products and different legislation on food supplements worldwide can confuse consumers.
  • 404
  • 25 Jul 2023
Topic Review
Spiro-Flavonoids in Nature
The research collects 65 unique structures, including spiro-biflavonoids, spiro-triflavonoids, spiro-tetraflavonoids, spiro-flavostilbenoids, and scillascillin-type homoisoflavonoids. Scillascillin-type homoisoflavonoids comprise spiro[bicyclo[4.2.0]octane-7,3′-chromane]-1(6),2,4-trien-4′-one, while the other spiro-flavonoids contain either 2H,2′H-3,3′-spirobi[benzofuran]-2-one or 2′H,3H-2,3′-spirobi[benzofuran]-3-one in the core of their structures. Spiro-flavonoids have been described in more than 40 species of eight families, including Asparagaceae, Cistaceae, Cupressaceae, Fabaceae, Pentaphylacaceae, Pinaceae, Thymelaeaceae, and Vitaceae. The possible biosynthetic pathways for each group of spiro-flavonoids are summarized in detail. Anti-inflammatory and anticancer activities are the most important biological activities of spiro-flavonoids, both in vitro and in vivo.
  • 283
  • 25 Jul 2023
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