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Topic Review
Disentangled Polymers and Composites
Macromolecule entanglements are common in polymers. The chains of macromolecules with carbon skeletons are flexible. The isolated chain easily takes the shape of a coil. When a macromolecule is surrounded by other macromolecules, its coils interpenetrate, and entanglements arise between these macromolecules. The condition of their occurrence is that their molecular weight exceeds a certain limit. The entanglements may be topological (these are common) or cohesive. Entanglement with another macromolecule limits the movement of the macromolecule's chain, so it is an obstacle to this movement.
  • 338
  • 29 Dec 2023
Topic Review
Defining Bioplastics
A “plastic” by definition is a polymer-based formulation, which consists of one or more polymers (homopolymer, copolymers, blends) plus additives and fillers. “Bioplastics” are either biobased and/or biodegradable, at least to a certain degree and as per a given definition (standard, test method).
  • 143
  • 29 Dec 2023
Topic Review
Copper-Catalyzed/Hypervalent Iodine-Mediated Functionalization of Unactivated Compounds
The functionalization of unactivated substrates through the combination of copper catalysts and hypervalent iodine reagents represents a versatile tool in organic synthesis to access various classes of compounds. The hypervalent iodine derivatives can be used simply as oxidizing agents to regenerate the catalytic species or they can associate the functionalization of the starting material.
  • 357
  • 29 Dec 2023
Topic Review
Development of Thermoelectric Half-Heusler Alloys
Half-Heusler alloys are among the most promising thermoelectric materials. 
  • 263
  • 29 Dec 2023
Topic Review
Electrochemistry of Flavonoids
Three potential regions related to flavonoid structures are characteristic of the occurrence of their electrochemical oxidation regardless of the solvent used. However, the potential values depend on the solvent used.  In the less positive potential region, flavonoids, which have an ortho dihydroxy moiety, are reversibly oxidized to corresponding o-quinones. The o-quinones, if they possess a C3 hydroxyl group, react with water to form a benzofuranone derivative (II). In the second potential region, (II) is irreversibly oxidized. In this potential region, some flavonoids without an ortho dihydroxy moiety can also be oxidized to the corresponding p-quinone methides. The oxidation of the hydroxyl groups located in ring A, which are not in the ortho position, occurs in the third potential region at the most positive values.
  • 124
  • 29 Dec 2023
Topic Review
Applications of Recycled and Crushed Glass
Glass is a substance that is present in most houses since glass-based items are made and consumed in relatively high quantities. This has led to the buildup of glass in concerning quantities all over the world, which is a problem for the environment. It is well known that glass has several advantageous physiochemical features that qualify it as an appropriate material for use in the construction industry as an aggregate. The features include being non-biodegradable, resistant to chemical assault, having low water absorption, having high hydraulic conductivity, having temperature-dependent ductility, having alterable particle gradation, and having a wide availability in a variety of forms and chemical compositions. 
  • 214
  • 29 Dec 2023
Topic Review
Mineral Characterization Using Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM)
Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) is a powerful tool in the domains of materials science, mining, and geology owing to its enormous potential to provide unique insight into micro and nanoscale worlds. The rapid pace of technological development requires a detailed study of minerals to a further extent to meet the unprecedented material demands of the evolving world. There are more than 5956 species of minerals known today, and the number of new identifications is evolving, with as many as 50 new types identified each year. Quantitative measurements and qualitative analyses of mineral compositions within mining ores and reservoirs have valuable importance with practical applications. Comprehensive and accurate information can be gathered for the identification of rocks and minerals, including structural characteristics and mineral composition, which can provide worthy information about pore structure and reservoir heterogeneity.
  • 454
  • 29 Dec 2023
Topic Review
Flavonoids as Visible Light Photoinitiators
The design of biosourced and/or bioinspired photoinitiators is an active research field as it offers a unique opportunity to develop photoinitiating systems exhibiting better biocompatibility as well as reduced toxicity. In this field, flavonoids can be found in numerous fruits and vegetables so these structures can be of interest for developing, in the future, polymerization processes, offering a reduced environmental impact but also better biocompatibility of the polymers.
  • 273
  • 29 Dec 2023
Topic Review
Bioglass 45S5
Oxides of sodium, calcium, silicon, and phosphorus form the Na2O–CaO–SiO2–P2O5 system, of which the most famous material—Bioglass 45S5—was developed in 1969 by Professor Larry Hench. In the middle of the 1980s, Bioglass 45S5 was introduced to the market, and it stimulated many research groups to an intensive investigation of bioactive glasses and their further applications.
  • 236
  • 29 Dec 2023
Topic Review
Perovskites for CO2 Reduction
Due to their outstanding operational and compositional properties, perovskite-based structures have already been studied as an important class of solid-state components for electrochemical (EC), photoelectrochemical (PEC), and photovoltaic–electrochemical (PV-EC) CO2 reduction, showing great potential in their catalytic activity and device stability and with a promising window for further technological developments. 
  • 150
  • 29 Dec 2023
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