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All Topic Review Biography
Topic Review
Improving Clinical Outcomes by Maintaining Vitamin D Sufficiency
Treatment of vitamin D deficiency costs less than 0.01% of one-day hospitalization. Despite cost-benefits, the prevalence of vitamin D deficiency remains high worldwide. This was vivid among those who died from COVID-19—most had vitamin D deficiency. Yet, the lack of direction to use vitamin D as an adjunct therapy from health agencies was astonishing. Data confirmed that keeping an individual’s serum 25(OH)D concentrations above 50 ng/mL (125 nmol/L) (and above 40 ng/mL in the population) reduces risks from community outbreaks and autoimmune disorders. Maintaining such concentrations in 97.5% of people is achievable through daily safe sun exposure (except in countries far from the equator during winter) or taking between 5,000 and 8,000 IU vitamin D supplements daily (average, ~70 to 90 IU/kg body weight). Those with gastrointestinal malabsorption, obesity, or on medications that increase catabolism of vitamin D and a few specific disorders require much higher intake. The text evaluates the doses and administration of vitamin D necessary for better clinical outcomes regarding disease prevention and treatment. 
  • 421
  • 26 Sep 2023
Topic Review
Evaluation of Gastroenteropancreatic Neuroendocrine Neoplasms
Neuroendocrine neoplasms (NENs) are epithelial neoplasms that arise from cells of the endocrine and nervous systems, with distinctive differentiation, and could occur in the various organ but more frequently from the gastrointestinal tract, followed by the lung. GEP-NENs are NENs occurring at various anatomical sites of the gastrointestinal tract and pancreas, and they comprise a heterogeneous group of epithelial neoplasms with a wide range of aggressiveness. Imaging acts as a major role in evaluating NENs. These include detecting, staging, evaluating the response, and prognosis.
  • 420
  • 09 Feb 2022
Topic Review
Application of Triboelectric Nanogenerators  for Biophysical Sensing System
Triboelectric nanogenerators (TENGs) can not only collect mechanical energy around or inside the human body and convert it into electricity but also help monitor our body and the world by providing interpretable electrical signals during energy conversion, thus emerging as an innovative medical solution for both daily health monitoring and clinical treatment and bringing great convenience.
  • 420
  • 26 Apr 2023
Topic Review
Kinesio Taping for Masticatory Myofascial Pain Syndrome
Myofascial pain syndrome (MPS) is thought to stem from masticatory muscle hypersensitivity. Masticatory myofascial pain syndrome (MMPS) is characterized by multiple trigger points (MTrPs), also known as hyperirritable points, in taut bands of affected muscles, regional muscle pain, or referred pain to nearby maxillofacial areas like teeth, masticatory muscles or the temporomandibular joint (TMJ). Muscle stiffness, reduced range of motion, muscle weakening without atrophy, and autonomic symptoms may accompany regional discomfort. Multiple treatments have been utilized to reduce trigger points and mandibular function restrictions. As a result of these incapacitating symptoms, MMPS can significantly impair many elements of quality of life. The application of Kinesio tape (KT) is a non-invasive method of treating dormant myofascial trigger points. Utilizing the body’s innate capacity for self-repair, this technique entails taping specific regions of the skin. KT alleviates discomfort, decreases swelling and inflammation, enhances or suppresses motor function in the muscles, stimulates proprioception, promotes lymphatic drainage, stimulates blood flow, and expedites tissue recovery. 
  • 420
  • 10 Mar 2023
Topic Review
Salt in Low Back Pain and Comorbid Conditions
Low back pain is the world’s leading disability, but the etiology of the majority of low back pain is non-specific with no known cause. Moreover, overuse of opioids to treat low back pain is a widespread problem. Many global populations consume excess sodium chloride, which can lead to fluid overload in hypervolemia, and cause swelling and temporary weight gain associated with low back pain. Numerous conditions comorbid with low back pain are also potentially mediated by excessive salt intake, including migraine headache, hypertension, cardiovascular disease, venous thromboembolism, liver disease, respiratory disorders, chronic kidney disease, pregnancy complications, and multiple sclerosis.
  • 419
  • 14 Mar 2024
Topic Review
Mesenchymal Stem Cell-Derived Extracellular Vesicles
Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have recently emerged as promising candidates for treating a variety of age-related conditions, including ageing frailty. MSCs can differentiate into different cell lineages and secrete extracellular vesicles (EVs), such as exosomes and microvesicles, that contain bioactive molecules, such as proteins, nucleic acids, and lipids. These EVs can deliver cargo to target cells and influence cellular processes, such as inflammation, apoptosis, and angiogenesis, promoting tissue repair and regeneration.
  • 419
  • 09 May 2023
Topic Review
Technology-Enabled Chronic Respiratory Disease Patient Education
Technology-enabled learning, using computers, smartphones, and tablets, to educate patients on their respiratory disease and management has grown over the last decade. Developing online relationships with healthcare providers, lower digital capabilities, and poor access to a computer/smartphone/tablet, appear to be barriers that need to be overcome for equity in access. Maintaining the principles of quality educational design, ensuring interactive experiences for patient involvement in the educational activities, patient co-design, healthcare professionals connecting with experts in the field of technology-enabled learning for development of education models, and ongoing research lead to the best patient outcomes in technology-enabled education for respiratory disease.
  • 417
  • 12 Jan 2022
Topic Review
The Trauma of Perinatal Loss
Perinatal loss, the loss of a fetus or neonate between conception and 28 days after birth, is a worldwide phenomenon impacting millions of individuals annually. Whether due to miscarriage, stillbirth, life-limiting fetal diagnoses, or neonatal death, up to 60% of bereaved parents exhibit symptoms of depression, anxiety, and posttraumatic stress disorder. 
  • 417
  • 27 Jul 2022
Topic Review
Therapeutic Options for Childhood Absence Epilepsy
Childhood absence epilepsy (CAE) is a common pediatric generalized epileptic syndrome. Although it is traditionally considered as a benign self-limited condition, the apparent benign nature of this syndrome has been revaluated in recent years. Old and new therapeutic options in particular for resistant forms of CAE are discussed in this entry. 
  • 417
  • 29 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Adult Inpatients’ Perceptions of Their Fall Risk
Patient falls continue to be a high priority for healthcare organisations due to the detrimental physical, psychological, social and financial consequences that can occur.  A large number of falls in hospitals are unwitnessed and mostly occur due to patient behaviours and not seeking assistance. Understanding these patient behaviours may help to direct fall prevention strategies, with evidence suggesting the need to integrate patients’ perspectives into fall management. The qualitative and quantitative findings are organised into five domains: Fall Risk Perception Measures, Patients’ Perceptions of Fall Risk, Patients’ Perceptions of Falling in Hospital, Patients’ Fear of Falling and Barriers to Fall Prevention in Hospital. 
  • 417
  • 09 Jun 2022
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