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Topic Review
Toxic Effects of Poly-Fluoroalkyl Substances in Organisms
More than 7000 synthetic compounds known as per- and poly-fluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) are applied to food packaging and other materials to provide fat, fire, and/or water resistance properties. These compounds have exceptional environmental stability and persistence due to the strong C-F chemical bond, earning them the moniker “forever chemicals”. Emission of PFAS from industrial waste leads to water, air, and soil contamination. Due to this ubiquitous nature, combined with the fact that PFAS in humans are known to have carcinogenic and reprotoxic effects and to cause vaccine resistance and depression of the immunity system, PFAS may constitute a major threat to human health. For this reason, the attention of the scientific community and of control bodies is increasing and as a consequence legislation and the scientific literature on PFAS are constantly evolving.
  • 386
  • 19 Jun 2023
Topic Review
Buildings’ Sustainability after COVID-19
The concept of sustainability, or sustainable development, was introduced in 1987 through the UN Brundtland Report, in which it is defined as "development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs". The link between COVID-19 and sustainability is made up of a variety of psycho-sociological and perceptual aspects, such as the fact that the occupancy pattern of buildings is one of the determining factors in assessing the energy performance and sustainability of buildings.
  • 386
  • 26 Feb 2024
Topic Review
Intradural Pediatric Spinal Tumors
Pediatric spinal tumors are rare and account for 10% of all central nervous system tumors in children. Onset usually occurs with chronic nonspecific symptoms and may depend on the intra- or extradural neoplastic location. Meningiomas, schwannomas, and neurofibromas are the most common intradural-extramedullary lesions, while astrocytomas and ependymomas represent the majority of intramedullary tumors.
  • 386
  • 08 Oct 2021
Topic Review
Recreational Nitrous Oxide Use
Nitrous oxide (N2O) is a dissociative anaesthetic that is sometimes used recreationally. The prevalence of N2O use is difficult to quantify but appears to be increasing. Research on N2O harms and application of harm reduction strategies are limited. The disparate body of research on recreational nitrous oxide use to inform harm reduction approaches tailored for young people was collated and synthesised. 
  • 385
  • 28 Sep 2022
Topic Review
Neurofibroma Development in Neurofibromatosis Type 1
Neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1), a genetic tumor predisposition syndrome that affects about 1 in 3000 newborns, is caused by mutations in the NF1 gene and subsequent inactivation of its encoded neurofibromin. Neurofibromin is a tumor suppressor protein involved in the downregulation of Ras signaling. Despite a diverse clinical spectrum, one of several hallmarks of NF1 is a peripheral nerve sheath tumor (PNST), which comprises mixed nervous and fibrous components. The distinct spatiotemporal characteristics of plexiform and cutaneous neurofibromas have prompted hypotheses about the origin and developmental features of these tumors, involving various cellular transition processes. 
  • 384
  • 26 Sep 2022
Topic Review
Mental Health in the Digital World
Mental health in the digital world means technology has been used to improve mental health, after the COVID-19 pandemic. Human beings are already in the mental health is health paradigm, without which everything else ceases to make sense or even to exist. Scientific events are essential for maturing and debating the science. As such, it is suggested a reflection on a paradigm shift that is taking place, which is mental health is also health. This change occurs, particularly in this post-pandemic context, and people try to reflect on how digital tools can be built to improve the population's mental health. The cost to society is quite substantial. It is the second leading cause of disability and premature mortality—an excellent opportunity for collaborative research between human-computer interaction and mental health professionals. Interdisciplinary feedback is so important; when people work only with professionals from the same field, this feedback is missing out.
  • 385
  • 07 Jul 2023
Topic Review
Impact of the Digital Economy on Health Industry
Health is a basic need of the people and an important foundation for economic and social development. In developed economies such as the United States, Europe, and Japan, the health industry has become a huge driving force for the growth of the entire national economy, and the added value of the health industry in these economies has accounted for more than 15% of their GDP.
  • 385
  • 28 Aug 2023
Topic Review
Sleep and Nutrition Interactions
Sleep disturbances and short sleep duration are behavioural risk factors for inflammation, associated with increased risk of illness and disease, which can be modified to promote sleep health. For sleep to have a restorative effect on the body, it must be of adequate duration and quality; particularly for athletes whose physical and mental recovery needs may be greater due to the high physiological and psychological demands placed on them during training and competition. Sleep has been shown to have a restorative effect on the immune system, the endocrine system, facilitate the recovery of the nervous system and metabolic cost of the waking state and has an integral role in learning, memory and synaptic plasticity, all of which can impact both athletic recovery and performance.
  • 384
  • 23 Aug 2022
Topic Review
Nanotechnologies in Obstetrics and Cancer during Pregnancy
Nanotechnology, the art of engineering structures on a molecular level, offers the opportunity to implement new strategies for the diagnosis and management of pregnancy-related disorders. Although nanotechnology has been on the bench for many years, most of the studies in obstetrics are preclinical. Ongoing research spans from the development of diagnostic tools, including optimized strategies to selectively confine contrast agents in the maternal bloodstream and approaches to improve diagnostics tests to be used in obstetrics, to the synthesis of innovative delivery nanosystems for therapeutic interventions. Using nanotechnology to achieve spatial and temporal control over the delivery of therapeutic agents (e.g., commonly used drugs, more recently defined formulations, or gene therapy-based approaches) offers significant advantages, including the possibility to target specific cells/tissues of interest (e.g., the maternal bloodstream, uterus wall, or fetal compartment). This characteristic of nanotechnology-driven therapy reduces side effects and the amount of therapeutic agent used. However, nanotoxicology appears to be a significant obstacle to adopting these technologies in clinical therapeutic praxis. 
  • 384
  • 30 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Biofilms on Medical Devices
Biofilm is complex and consists of bacterial colonies that reside in an exopolysaccharide matrix that attaches to foreign surfaces in a living organism. Biofilm frequently leads to nosocomial, chronic infections in clinical settings. Since the bacteria in the biofilm have developed antibiotic resistance, using antibiotics alone to treat infections brought on by biofilm is ineffective. 
  • 384
  • 06 Jul 2023
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