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Topic Review
Bidirectional Relationship between Gut Dysbiosis, Anxiety and Depression
Inflammatory bowel disease represents one of the most life-altering gastrointestinal pathologies, with its multifactorial nature and unclear physiopathology. The most relevant clinical forms, ulcerative colitis and Crohn’s disease, clinically manifest with mild to severe flares and remission periods that alter the patient’s social, familial and professional integration. The chronic inflammatory activity of the intestinal wall determines severe modifications of the local environment, such as dysbiosis, enteric endocrine, nervous and immune system disruptions and intestinal wall permeability changes. These features are part of the gastrointestinal ecosystem that modulates the bottom-to-top signaling to the central nervous system, leading to a neurobiologic imbalance and clinical affective and/or behavioral symptoms. The gut-brain link is a bidirectional pathway and psychological distress can also affect the central nervous system, which will alter the top-to-bottom regulation, leading to possible functional digestive symptoms and local inflammatory responses. In the middle of this neuro-gastrointestinal system, the microbiome is a key player, as its activities offer basic functional support for both relays.
  • 155
  • 14 Sep 2023
Topic Review
Biological Activities of Genus Scutellaria
Scutellaria (Lamiaceae) comprises over 360 species. Based on its morphological structure of calyx, also known as Skullcap, it is herbaceous by habit and cosmopolitan by habitat. The species of Scutellaria are widely used in local communities as a natural remedy. The genus contributed over three hundred bioactive compounds mainly represented by flavonoids and phenols, chemical ingredients which serve as potential candidates for the therapy of various biological activities.
  • 411
  • 21 Jul 2022
Topic Review
Biomarkers to Monitor the Adherence to Gluten-Free Diet
Celiac disease (CD) is a multifactorial autoimmune enteropathy with a prevalence greater than 1% in the pediatric population. The only therapy for CD patients is a strict gluten-free diet (GFD). Gluten-free food contamination by other cereals during packaging and cooking or accidental ingestion of gluten may cause several intestinal and extraintestinal symptoms in CD patients. More recently, the use of circulating, fecal and urinary miRNAs has emerged as a novel diagnostic tool that can be potentially applied to assess adherence to GFD. Moreover, the presence of gluten immunogenic peptides (GIPs) and miRNAs in both feces and urine suggests a similar excretion modality and the possibility of using urinary miRNAs, similarly to GIPs, as potential biomarkers of GFD in CD patients.
  • 516
  • 27 Jul 2022
Topic Review
Biosensors and Microfluidic Biosensors
Biosensors are ubiquitous in a variety of disciplines, such as biochemical, electrochemical, agricultural, and biomedical areas. They can integrate various point-of-care applications, such as in the food, healthcare, environmental monitoring, water quality, forensics, drug development, and biological domains. Multiple strategies have been employed to develop and fabricate miniaturized biosensors, including design, optimization, characterization, and testing. In view of their interactions with high-affinity biomolecules, they find application in the sensitive detection of analytes, even in small sample volumes. Among the many developed techniques, microfluidics have been widely explored; these use fluid mechanics to operate miniaturized biosensors. The currently used commercial devices are bulky, slow in operation, expensive, and require human intervention; thus, it is difficult to automate, integrate, and miniaturize the existing conventional devices for multi-faceted applications. Microfluidic biosensors have the advantages of mobility, operational transparency, controllability, and stability with a small reaction volume for sensing. 
  • 508
  • 05 Aug 2022
Topic Review
Bisphosphonates’ Impact on Dental Procedures
Bisphosphonates are widely used to treat osteoporosis and malignant tumors due to their effectiveness in increasing bone density and inhibiting bone resorption. Dental patients receiving bisphosphonate treatment are at higher risk of bisphosphonate-related osteonecrosis of the jaws (BRONJ), necessitating dentists’ awareness of these risks. Topical bisphosphonate applications enhance dental implant success, by promoting osseointegration and preventing osteoclast apoptosis, and is effective in periodontal treatment. 
  • 308
  • 21 Nov 2023
Topic Review
BoNT-A Injection for Spinal Cord Injury
Lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS), such as urgency, urinary incontinence, and/or difficulty voiding, hamper the quality of life (QoL) of patients with spinal cord injury (SCI). If not managed adequately, urological complications, such as urinary tract infection or renal function deterioration, may further deteriorate the patient’s QoL. Botulinum toxin A (BoNT-A) injection within the detrusor muscle or urethral sphincter yields satisfactory therapeutic effects for treating urinary incontinence or facilitating efficient voiding.
  • 171
  • 23 May 2023
Topic Review
Breast Cancer Detection
Breast cancer is one the main death causes for women worldwide, as 16% of the diagnosed malignant lesions worldwide are its consequence. In this sense, it is of paramount importance to diagnose these lesions in the earliest stage possible, in order to have the highest chances of survival. While there are several works that present selected topics in this area, none of them present a complete panorama, that is, from the image generation to its interpretation.
  • 583
  • 27 Jul 2022
Topic Review
Cannabis Use
Cannabis is a natural drug that humans have been consuming for over 4000 years for medicinal, industrial and ritual purposes. More than 400 chemical compounds can be found in the cannabis plant, of which at least 144 are cannabinoids. Among the cannabinoid compounds, the most important one is tetrahydrocannabinol or delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC or Δ9-THC), the main psychoactive component of cannabis. Recently, the increase in its use, both medicinal and recreational, its progressive legalization and the change in the cannabis market have caused a greater interest in the research of this drug.
  • 374
  • 28 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Cardiovascular Risk of Androgen Deprivation Therapy
Androgen deprivation therapy, as a hormone-based treatment, comes with a few side effects. Some of the most common include decreased bone density and fracture, erectile dysfunction, decreased libido, hot flashes, metabolic effects (weight gain, increased body fat, insulin resistance), and cardiovascular (CV) effects. Recent research has focused on the increased risk of CV events associated with androgen deprivation therapy (ADT) . Numerous studies have found increased incidence of myocardial infarction (MI), stroke, arrhythmia, hypertension, and sudden cardiac death (SCD) in men receiving ADT. Cardiovascular disease is already the second leading cause of death in men with prostate cancer. It is estimated that two-thirds of men with prostate cancer (PCa) are at increased risk for cardiovascular disease (CVD). It is crucial to mitigate increased CV risk in a patient population already at high-risk for CVD.
  • 203
  • 27 Apr 2023
Topic Review
Caring for Migrant Populations in Italy
The foreign population living in Italy, on 1 January 2021, was about 5.2 million, plus about 500,000 irregular foreigners, according to the ISMU Foundation. It is a “young” population, with a high rate of unaccompanied foreign minors, and the male: female ratio is about 1:1, with wide differences depending on the citizenship of origin.
  • 104
  • 06 Feb 2024
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