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Topic Review
Gastrointestinal Disorders Involving ICCs and the ENS
The enteric nervous system (ENS) is organized into two plexuses—submucosal and myenteric—which regulate smooth muscle contraction, secretion, and blood flow along the gastrointestinal tract under the influence of the rest of the autonomic nervous system (ANS). Interstitial cells of Cajal (ICCs) are mainly located in the submucosa between the two muscle layers and at the intramuscular level. They communicate with neurons of the enteric nerve plexuses and smooth muscle fibers and generate slow waves that contribute to the control of gastrointestinal motility. They are also involved in enteric neurotransmission and exhibit mechanoreceptor activity. A close relationship appears to exist between oxidative stress and gastrointestinal diseases, in which ICCs can play a prominent role. Thus, gastrointestinal motility disorders in patients with neurological diseases may have a common ENS and central nervous system (CNS) nexus. In fact, the deleterious effects of free radicals could affect the fine interactions between ICCs and the ENS, as well as between the ENS and the CNS.
  • 279
  • 25 Apr 2023
Topic Review
Lymphangiogenesis Induction to Accelerate Wound Healing
As the role of lymphangiogenesis in wound healing becomes more and more evident, the question of its induction in the case of chronic wounds in order to increase healing may also arise. Despite the importance of lymphangiogenesis as a therapeutic target, there are still few experimental models to trace and study this process in vivo. An example, however, are the different lines of transgenic mice used for the fluorescent visualization of the recently reported lymphatic vessels. All these lines are based on BAC transgenic constructs targeted to the gene to express GFP, mOrange, or Tomato, fluorescent proteins under the transcriptional control of Prox-1, using VEGFR-3 as a lymphatic marker. The application of pharmacological concentrations of purified polypeptide growth factors, cytokines, and matrix molecules has resulted in the acceleration of normal repair in a wide variety of skin wound models. It would be interesting to consider the use of drugs that can modulate lymphangiogenesis. At the moment, there are both drugs capable of inhibiting lymphangiogenesis, mainly used for the treatment of neoplasms, and drugs capable of increasing this phenomenon on the market. Below is a short list of these drugs, divided into inhibitors and inducers of lymphangiogenesis. Thus far, different drugs have shown effects.
  • 276
  • 06 Mar 2023
Topic Review
Adrenal Gland of Squamata
The adrenal gland is a complex endocrine organ composed of two components: a steroidogenic tissue, which produces steroid hormones, and a chromaffin tissue, which mainly produces norepinephrine and epinephrine. Through evolution, their relationships with each other changed. They begin as isolated chromaffin and steroidogenic cell aggregates, typical of fish, and end with the advanced compact gland, typical of mammals, which consists of an external steroidogenic cortical zone and an internal chromaffin medullary zone. The adrenal gland of reptiles is unique because, with few exceptions, it is near the gonads and genital ducts, and the chromaffin and steroidogenic tissues are closely associated. 
  • 275
  • 31 Aug 2023
Topic Review
Oilseed Crops with Fish Oil-like Levels ω3 LC-PUFA
Omega-3 long-chain (≥C20) polyunsaturated fatty acids (ω3 LC-PUFA) play a critical physiological role in health and are nutritionally important for both humans and animals. The abundance of marine-derived resources of the health-benefitting ω3 LC-PUFA is either static or in some cases declining. Alternative source of ω3 LC-PUFA is required to meet the increasing demand. Oilseed crops containing fish oil-levels of ω3 LC-PUFA and importantly also containing a high ω3/ω6 ratio have been developed.
  • 266
  • 10 Aug 2023
Topic Review
Approaches towards Healthier Meat Products
Meat products are a staple of many diets around the world, but they have been subject to criticism due to their potential negative impact on human health. There has been a growing interest in developing novel approaches to improve the healthy characteristics of meat products, with a particular focus on reducing the levels of harmful salts, lipids, and nitrites. 
  • 250
  • 10 Aug 2023
Topic Review
Effect of Resveratrol on Distinct Skeletal Muscle Components
Resveratrol is a natural polyphenol utilized in Chinese traditional medicine and thought to be one of the determinants of the “French Paradox”. Some groups evidenced its properties as a calorie-restriction mimetic, suggesting that its action passes through the modulation of skeletal muscle metabolism. Accordingly, the number of studies reporting the beneficial effects of resveratrol on skeletal muscle form and function, in both experimental models and humans, is steadily increasing.
  • 244
  • 14 Aug 2023
Topic Review
Precision Vaccinology Approaches for Adjuvanted Vaccines
Infection persists as one of the leading global causes of morbidity and mortality, with particular burden at the extremes of age and in populations who are immunocompromised or suffer chronic co-morbid diseases. By focusing discovery and innovation efforts to better understand the phenotypic and mechanistic differences in the immune systems of diverse vulnerable populations, emerging research in precision vaccine discovery and development has explored how to optimize immunizations across the lifespan. 
  • 241
  • 07 Oct 2023
Topic Review
Phytophthora Species on Woody Plants
The genus Phytophthora, with 326 species in 12 phylogenetic clades currently known, includes many economically important pathogens of woody plants. Different Phytophthora species often possess a hemibiotrophic or necrotrophic lifestyle, have either a broad or narrow host range, can cause a variety of disease symptoms (root rot, damping-off, bleeding stem cankers, or blight of foliage), and occur in different growing environments (nurseries, urban and agricultural areas, or forests).
  • 221
  • 24 May 2023
Topic Review
Mechanical Stress on Hyaluronan Fragments’ Inflammatory Cascade
The mechanical stress can depolymerize into small pieces at low molecular weight and have a high inflammatory capacity. Many of these pieces are then further degraded into small oligosaccharides. Recently, it has been demonstrated that oligosaccharides are able to stop this inflammatory process. These data support that deep friction could metabolize self-aggregated hyaluronan (HA) chains responsible for increasing loose connective tissue viscosity, catalyzing a local HA fragment cascade that will generate soreness but, at the same time, facilitate the reconstitution of the physiological loose connective tissue properties. This information can help to explain the meaning of the inflammatory process as well as the requirement for it for the long-lasting resolution of these alterations.
  • 215
  • 22 Dec 2023
Topic Review
Health-Promoting Effects of Bioactive Compounds from  Endophytic Fungi
Plant endophytic fungi reside within the living tissues of plants, forming a unique symbiotic relationship. One of their defining features is their ability to exist within the plant for extended periods, often throughout the plant’s life cycle. They colonize various plant tissues, including leaves, stems, and roots, and display remarkable adaptability to different environmental conditions. Unlike pathogens, they do not provoke an immune response from the host plant, allowing them to maintain a stealthy coexistence. Endophytic fungi have evolved diverse mechanisms to survive within the plant’s internal environment. Some form specialized structures called “microsclerotia” or “sclerotia”, which protect them from adverse conditions. Others produce secondary metabolites, including bioactive compounds, which contribute to their ecological success and their potential to influence plant health
  • 206
  • 13 Oct 2023
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