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Topic Review
Digital Subtraction Angiography Technical in Lower Limb Arteries
Cardiovascular diseases represent one of the most frequent diseases worldwide; among these, lower limb ischemia is a threatening condition, which can lead to permanent disability if not promptly and correctly diagnosed and treated. A patient’s clinical evaluation and diagnostic imaging (e.g., color-Doppler ultrasound, computed tomography angiography (CTA), and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)) are mandatory to carefully assess arterial lesion extension and severity. Digital subtraction angiography (DSA) is a minimally invasive technique that represents the gold standard for percutaneous revascularization treatment of symptomatic patients who are refractory to medical management.
  • 614
  • 21 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Diseases Associated with Fli1 Deficiency
Being initially described as a factor of virally induced leukemias, Fli1 (Friend leukemia integration 1) lately has attracted considerable interest due to its role in both healthy physiology and a variety of pathological conditions. Over the past years Fli1 was found to be one of the crucial regulators of normal hematopoiesis, vasculogenesis and immune responses. However, abnormal expression of Fli1 due to genetic predisposition, epigenetic reprogramming (modifications) or environmental factors is associated with a few diseases of different etiology. Fli1 hyperexpression leads to malignant transformation of cells and progression of cancers such as Ewing’s sarcoma. The deficiency of Fli1 implicates in development of systemic sclerosis and hypertensive disorders, which are often accompanied by pronounced fibrosis in different organs. 
  • 344
  • 02 Feb 2023
Topic Review
Genetic Modifications to Alter Blood Pressure Level
Genetic manipulation is one of the indispensable techniques to examine gene functions both in vitro and in vivo. In particular, cardiovascular phenotypes such as blood pressure cannot be evaluated in vitro system, necessitating the creation of transgenic or gene-targeted knock-out and knock-in experimental animals to understand the pathophysiological roles of specific genes on the disease conditions. 
  • 297
  • 01 Sep 2022
Topic Review
HDLs and Adiponectin in Promoting Endothelial Dysfunction
Obesity is an epidemic public health problem that has progressively worsened in recent decades and is associated with low-grade chronic inflammation (LGCI) in metabolic tissues and an increased risk of several diseases. In particular, LGCI alters metabolism and increases cardiovascular risk by impairing endothelial function and altering the functions of adiponectin and high-density lipoproteins (HDLs). Adiponectin is an adipokine involved in regulating energy metabolism and body composition. Serum adiponectin levels are reduced in obese individuals and negatively correlate with chronic sub-clinical inflammatory markers. HDLs are a heterogeneous and complex class of lipoproteins that can be dysfunctional in obesity. Adiponectin and HDLs are strictly interdependent, and the maintenance of their interplay is essential for vascular function.
  • 432
  • 16 Jun 2022
Topic Review
Henoch–Schönlein Purpura
Henoch–Schönlein purpura or IgA vasculitis is the most common type of pediatric vasculitis that may affect adults as well. It is classified as a type of small-vessel vasculitis. It can cause cutaneous and systemic symptoms with a minority of patients developing kidney failure.
  • 414
  • 23 Feb 2023
Topic Review
Immune Mechanisms of Atherosclerosis Pathogenesis
The term ‘atherosclerosis’ comes from the Greek words ‘athero’, which means gruel or paste, and ‘sclerosis’, which means hardness. Atherosclerosis is a disease that is genetically intended for everyone who reaches a certain age, and its complications, primarily coronary heart disease and stroke are the main causes of death in developed countries. Atherosclerosis can be characterized as an independent form of inflammation, sharing similarities but also having fundamental differences from low-grade inflammation and various variants of canonical inflammation (classic vasculitis).
  • 229
  • 15 May 2023
Topic Review
Limb Salvage and Survival in Chronic Limb-Threatening Ischemia
Chronic limb-threatening ischemia (CLTI) represents the end-stage form of peripheral arterial disease (PAD) and is associated with a very poor prognosis and high risk of limb loss and mortality. It can be considered very similar to a terminal cancer disease, reflecting a large impact on quality of life and healthcare costs.
  • 162
  • 18 Oct 2023
Topic Review
Management of Peripheral Artery Disease in Diabetes
Peripheral artery disease (PAD) increases the risk of diabetes, while diabetes increases the risk of PAD, and certain symptoms in each disease increase the risk of contracting the other. The phenotypic manifestations of atherosclerosis vary in each individual and throughout the body; it is not fully understood why plaque formation has such a heterogeneous distribution, although different arterial systems are correlated. Moreover, risk factors (such as diabetes mellitus, hypertension, smoking, etc.) undoubtedly aggravate atherogenesis and cardiovascular mortality through a dual risk: firstly, the intrinsic risk of the underlying disease; secondly, it increases the risk of atherosclerosis in various target organs. 
  • 340
  • 23 Aug 2022
Topic Review
MiRNAs and Their Role in Venous Thromboembolic Complications
Venous thromboembolic complications (VTCs), which include deep vein thrombosis (DVT) and pulmonary embolism (PE), have remained a pressing problem in modern clinical medicine for a long time. Despite the already wide arsenal of modern methods for diagnosing and treating this disease, VTCs rank third in the structure of causes of death among all cardiovascular diseases, behind myocardial infarction (MI) and ischemic stroke (IS). Numerous studies have confirmed the importance of understanding the molecular processes of VTCs for effective therapy and diagnosis. Significant progress has been made in VTC research, where the relative contribution of microRNAs (miRNAs) in the mechanism of thrombus formation and their consideration as therapeutic targets have been well studied.
  • 142
  • 10 Nov 2023
Topic Review
Modifiable Risk Factors for Venous Thromboembolism
Venous thromboembolism (VTE), which encompasses deep vein thrombosis (DVT) and pulmonary embolism (PE), is a significant cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. There are many factors, both acquired and inherited, known to increase the risk of VTE. Most of these result in increased risk via several common mechanisms including circulatory stasis, endothelial damage, or increased hypercoagulability. 
  • 112
  • 17 Jan 2024
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