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Topic Review
Pathophysiology-Based Traumatic Brain Injury
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a leading cause of disability and death among children and young adults, with an incidence of approximately 1.7 million per year in the USA, resulting in 52,000 deaths. Survivors of the initial impact must still contend with the consequences of trauma, as not all injury occurs at the time of impact. The primary injury results from forces applied to the head and involve direct structural damage to the brain. This triggers a cascade of events leading to neurological damage that evolves secondary injury. Several external brain insults, both intracranial and systemic, may complicate and worsen the secondary injury.
  • 297
  • 07 Mar 2024
Topic Review
Tau Pathology in Alzheimer’s Disease and Down Syndrome
Individuals with Down syndrome (DS) exhibit an almost complete penetrance of Alzheimer’s disease (AD) pathology but are underrepresented in clinical trials for AD. The Tau protein is associated with microtubule function in the neuron and is crucial for normal axonal transport. In several different neurodegenerative disorders, Tau misfolding leads to hyper-phosphorylation of Tau (p-Tau), which may seed pathology to bystander cells and spread.
  • 108
  • 07 Mar 2024
Topic Review Peer Reviewed
Antitumor Strategies Targeting Peptidergic Systems
Peptidergic systems show promise as targets for fighting tumors. While some peptides encourage the growth and spread of tumor cells and angiogenic mechanisms, others display antitumor properties. As such, peptide ligands and receptor antagonists could be used as antitumor agents alone or in conjunction with chemotherapy or radiotherapy. Peptide receptor antagonists can counteract the oncogenic effects of specific peptides by inducing apoptosis in various types of tumor cells, hindering cancer cell migration and inhibiting angiogenesis. Peptides and peptide receptor antagonists are not currently used in clinical practice as antitumor agents. Still, aprepitant, a neurokinin 1 receptor antagonist, is a promising candidate due to its ability to promote apoptosis in many cancer cells. However, to utilize aprepitant as an anticancer agent, the dosage must be increased and administered for a more extended period. Moving beyond current protocols for aprepitant’s use as an antiemetic is essential. Additionally, a common anticancer strategy with aprepitant is possible regardless of cancer cell type. Finally, combining aprepitant with chemotherapy or radiotherapy is encouraged.
  • 222
  • 06 Mar 2024
Topic Review
Aptamer Technologies in Neuroscience
Aptamers developed using in vitro Systematic Evolution of Ligands by Exponential Enrichment (SELEX) technology are single-stranded nucleic acids 10–100 nucleotides in length. Their targets, often with specificity and high affinity, range from ions and small molecules to proteins and other biological molecules as well as larger systems, including cells, tissues, and animals. Aptamers often rival conventional antibodies with improved performance, due to aptamers’ unique biophysical and biochemical properties, including small size, synthetic accessibility, facile modification, low production cost, and low immunogenicity. Therefore, there is sustained interest in engineering and adapting aptamers for many applications, including diagnostics and therapeutics. 
  • 141
  • 06 Mar 2024
Topic Review
Connections between Intestinal Flora and Kynurenine Pathway
The intestinal flora has been the focus of numerous investigations recently, with inquiries not just into the gastrointestinal aspects but also the pathomechanism of other diseases such as nervous system disorders and mitochondrial diseases. Mitochondrial disorders are the most common type of inheritable metabolic illness caused by mutations of mitochondrial and nuclear DNA. Metabolites of the kynurenine pathway are linked to many disorders, such as depression, schizophrenia, migraine, and also diseases associated with impaired mitochondrial function. The kynurenine pathway includes many substances, for instance kynurenic acid and quinolinic acid. 
  • 63
  • 05 Mar 2024
Topic Review
Antioxidant Bioactive Molecules against Ischemic Stroke
Stroke is a major contributor to global mortality and disability. While reperfusion is essential for preventing neuronal death in the penumbra, it also triggers cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury, a paradoxical injury primarily caused by oxidative stress, inflammation, and blood–brain barrier disruption. An oxidative burst inflicts marked cellular damage, ranging from alterations in mitochondrial function to lipid peroxidation and the activation of intricate signalling pathways that can even lead to cell death.
  • 75
  • 05 Mar 2024
Topic Review
Bioflavonoids for Targeting Gut Microbiome in Alzheimer’s Disease
Alzheimer’s Disease (AD), the most common type of dementia, is known as a neurodegenerative disease caused by the accumulation of amyloid beta (Aβ) peptides and tau protein hyperphosphorylation resulting in the formation of neurofibrillary tangles, activation of inflammasomes, sluggish autophagy, and neuronal loss. Several of these hallmarks are linked to alteration in the gut microbiome, also known as gut dysbiosis. Selective bioflavonoids can target gut microbiome to inhibit inflammasomes and resume autophagy to stop AD pathogenesis. Two bioflavonoids, specifically epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG) and genistein (GS), appear to be a new paradigm of treatment for maintaining healthy gut microbiome in AD via modulating crucial AD signaling pathways.
  • 265
  • 03 Mar 2024
Topic Review
Glymphatic System and Endocannabinoid System
The intricate mechanisms governing brain health and function have long been subjects of extensive investigation. Recent research has shed light on two pivotal systems, the glymphatic system and the endocannabinoid system, and their profound role within the central nervous system. The glymphatic system is a recently discovered waste clearance system within the brain that facilitates the efficient removal of toxic waste products and metabolites from the central nervous system.
  • 110
  • 01 Mar 2024
Topic Review
Neutrophil to Lymphocyte Ratio in Traumatic Brain Injury
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a leading cause of injury and mortality worldwide, carrying an estimated cost of $38 billion in the United States alone. Neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio (NLR) has been investigated as a standardized biomarker that can be used to predict outcomes of TBI.
  • 79
  • 29 Feb 2024
Topic Review
Surgical Management of Synucleinopathies
Synucleinopathies represent a diverse set of pathologies with significant morbidity and mortality.
  • 129
  • 29 Feb 2024
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