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Topic Review
Pre-clinical Cerebral Perfusion MRI Techniques
Alterations to the cerebral microcirculation have been recognized to play a crucial role in the development of neurodegenerative disorders. However, the exact role of the microvascular alterations in the pathophysiological mechanisms often remains poorly understood. The early detection of changes in microcirculation and cerebral blood flow (CBF) can be used to get a better understanding of underlying disease mechanisms. This could be an important step towards the development of new treatment approaches. Animal models allow for the study of the disease mechanism at several stages of development, before the onset of clinical symptoms, and the verification with invasive imaging techniques. Specifically, pre-clinical magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is an important tool for the development and validation of MRI sequences under clinically relevant conditions. This article reviews MRI strategies providing indirect non-invasive measurements of microvascular changes in the rodent brain that can be used for early detection and characterization of neurodegenerative disorders. The perfusion MRI techniques: Dynamic Contrast Enhanced (DCE), Dynamic Susceptibility Contrast Enhanced (DSC) and Arterial Spin Labeling (ASL), will be discussed, followed by less established imaging strategies used to analyze the cerebral microcirculation: Intravoxel Incoherent Motion (IVIM), Vascular Space Occupancy (VASO), Steady-State Susceptibility Contrast (SSC), Vessel size imaging, SAGE-based DSC, Phase Contrast Flow (PC) Quantitative Susceptibility Mapping (QSM) and quantitative Blood-Oxygenation-Level-Dependent (qBOLD). We will emphasize the advantages and limitations of each strategy, in particular on applications for high-field MRI in the rodent’s brain. 
  • 1.0K
  • 02 Jun 2021
Topic Review
PET Imaging
PET imaging is being increasingly used to supplement MRI in the clinical management of brain tumors. The main radiotracers implemented in clinical practice include [18F]FDG, radiolabeled amino acids ([11C]MET, [18F]FDOPA, [18F]FET) and [68Ga]Ga-DOTA-SSTR, targeting glucose metabolism, L-amino-acid transport and somatostatin receptors expression, respectively. 
  • 509
  • 17 Feb 2022
Topic Review
Neurotransmitter Imaging in Parkinsonian Disorders
Neurodegenerative parkinsonian disorders are characterized by a great diversity of clinical symptoms and underlying neuropathology, yet differential diagnosis during lifetime remains probabilistic. Molecular imaging is a powerful method to detect pathological changes in vivo on a cellular and molecular level with high specificity. Thereby, molecular imaging enables to investigate functional changes and pathological hallmarks in neurodegenerative disorders, thus allowing to better differentiate between different forms of degenerative parkinsonism, improve the accuracy of the clinical diagnosis and disentangle the pathophysiology of disease-related symptoms. 
  • 390
  • 21 Sep 2022
Topic Review
Neuroimaging Techniques in Differentiating Parkinson’s Disease
Neuroimaging can provide significant benefits in evaluating patients with movement disorders associated with drugs. The dopaminergic radiotracers already reported to assess patients with drug-induced parkinsonism are [123I]-FP-CIT, [123I]-β-CIT, [99mTc]-TRODAT-1, [18F]-DOPA, [18F]-AV-133, and [18F]-FP-CIT. The most studied one and the one with the highest number of publications is [123I]-FP-CIT. Fludeoxyglucose (18F) revealed a specific pattern that could predict individuals susceptible to developing drug-induced parkinsonism.
  • 67
  • 01 Feb 2024
Topic Review
Neurofibromatosis Type 1 and Brain
Neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1), the most frequent phakomatosis and one of the most common inherited tumor predisposition syndromes, is characterized by several manifestations that pervasively involve central and peripheral nervous system structures. 
  • 994
  • 20 Apr 2021
Topic Review
MRI Response Assessment in Glioblastoma Patients Treated
In order to compare responses to different therapies among clinical trials and to differentiate between therapy-induced changes and true tumor progression, reliable response parameters are crucial. MRI scans were evaluated using MacDonald, RANO, Vol-RANO, mRANO, Vol-mRANO and iRANO criteria. Tumor volumes (T1 contrast-enhancing as well as T2/FLAIR volumes) were calculated by semiautomatic segmentation.
  • 421
  • 25 Mar 2022
Topic Review
MRI CNS Atrophy Pattern
MRI shows the three archetypal patterns of CNS volume loss underlying progressive ataxias in vivo, namely spinal atrophy (SA), cortical cerebellar atrophy (CCA) and olivopontocerebellar atrophy (OPCA). In line with the neuropathological discoveries of the XIX and XX centuries, MRI confirms today that there are three fundamental distribution patterns of CNS atrophy underlying progressive ataxias in vivo. They are SA, CCA and OPCA and can be inherited or acquired. Although the present trend driven by molecular genetics advances is to split progressive ataxias into hundreds of sometimes very rare conditions, a simple clumping of them according to the MRI-based CNS atrophy pattern is possible and might help diagnosis, possibly improve physiopathology understanding and may even cause future studies to rethink therapies for these uncommon but disabling diseases.
  • 515
  • 28 Feb 2022
Topic Review
Mechanisms of Cognitive Impairment in Chronic Kidney Disease
A notable feature of dementia in chronic kidney disease (CKD) patients is the high frequency of vascular dementia, making its prevention through the management of classical risk factors such as hypertension, diabetes mellitus, dyslipidemia, smoking, etc., associated with atherosclerosis and arteriosclerosis. Other effective measures, including the use of renin–angiotensin system inhibitors, addressing anemia, exercise therapy, and lifestyle improvements, have been reported. The incidence and progression of cognitive impairment (CI) may also be influenced by the type of kidney replacement therapy, with reports suggesting that long-duration dialysis, low-temperature hemodialysis, peritoneal dialysis, and kidney transplantation can have a preferable effect on the preservation of cognitive function. In conclusion, patients with CKD are at a higher risk of developing CI, with brain atrophy being a contributing factor. 
  • 82
  • 12 Mar 2024
Topic Review
Magnetic Resonance Imaging in Infants with Hypoxic-Ischemic Encephalopathy
Hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy (HIE) following perinatal asphyxia is a major cause of neurological sequelae in term and near-term infants. Despite therapeutic hypothermia, a significant number of infants still have adverse outcomes. Neuroimaging is the standard of care in infants with HIE to determine the nature and timing of the injury, guide further treatment, and predict neurodevelopmental outcomes. Cranial ultrasonography is helpful to assess the brain before initiation of therapeutic hypothermia to look for abnormalities suggestive of antenatal onset of injury or HIE mimics. However, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) which includes diffusion-weighted imaging has become the gold standard to assess brain injury in newborns with HIE, and has an excellent prognostic utility. Magnetic resonance spectroscopy provides complementary metabolic information and has also been shown to be a reliable prognostic biomarker. Advanced imaging modalities, such as diffusion tensor imaging and arterial spin labeling, are increasingly being used to gain further information about the etiology and prognosis of brain injury in infants with HIE due to perinatal asphyxia. 
  • 775
  • 29 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Magnetic Resonance Imaging Assessment in Brain Tumor
The non-enhancing peritumoral area (NEPA) is defined as the hyperintense region in T2-weighted and fluid-attenuated inversion recovery (FLAIR) images surrounding a brain tumor. The NEPA corresponds to different pathological processes, including vasogenic edema and infiltrative edema. The analysis of the NEPA with conventional and advanced magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) was proposed in the differential diagnosis of solid brain tumors, showing higher accuracy than MRI evaluation of the enhancing part of the tumor. In particular, MRI assessment of the NEPA was demonstrated to be a promising tool for distinguishing high-grade gliomas from primary lymphoma and brain metastases. Additionally, the MRI characteristics of the NEPA were found to correlate with prognosis and treatment response.
  • 357
  • 16 Jun 2023
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