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Topic Review
Biomarkers of Invasive Imaging for Carotid Plaque Vulnerability
Carotid artery disease has traditionally been assessed based on the degree of luminal narrowing. However, this approach, which solely relies on carotid stenosis, is being questioned with regard to modern risk stratification approaches. Guidelines have introduced the concept of the “vulnerable plaque,” emphasizing specific features such as thin fibrous caps, large lipid cores, intraplaque hemorrhage, plaque rupture, macrophage infiltration, and neovascularization.
  • 183
  • 21 Aug 2023
Topic Review
Boron Neutron Capture Therapy
Boron neutron capture therapy (BNCT) is a type of targeted radiotherapy. BNCT shows promising results in treating lung cancer, recurrent head and neck cancer, sarcomas, and high grade brain tumors.
  • 449
  • 29 Nov 2021
Topic Review
Brain Tumor MR Image Segmentation
The precise segmentation of brain tumor images is a vital step towards accurate diagnosis and effective treatment of brain tumors. Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) can generate brain images without tissue damage or skull artifacts, providing important discriminant information for clinicians in the study of brain tumors and other brain diseases. Segmentation methods of brain tumor MR image are mainly divided into three categories according to different segmentation principles: traditional segmentation methods, traditional machine learning-based segmentation methods and deep learning-based segmentation methods.
  • 1.0K
  • 23 Sep 2021
Topic Review
Cerebral Vasomotor Reactivity in COVID-19
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) primarily affects the respiratory system but can also lead to neurological complications. Among COVID-19 patients, the endothelium is considered the Achilles heel. A variety of endothelial dysfunctions may result from SARS-CoV-2 infection and subsequent endotheliitis, such as altered vascular tone, oxidative stress, and cytokine storms. The cerebral hemodynamic impairment that is caused is associated with a higher probability of severe disease and poor outcomes in patients with COVID-19.
  • 244
  • 01 Oct 2023
Topic Review
Cerebrovascular Leak and Glymphatic Obstruction in Neurodegenerative Disease
New approaches are required to successfully intervene therapeutically in neurodegenerative diseases. Addressing the earliest phases of disease, blood brain barrier (BBB) leak before the accumulation of misfolded proteins has significant potential for success.
  • 639
  • 26 Oct 2021
Topic Review
Contrast-Enhanced Ultrasound of the Brain
An ultrasound (US) is a type of medical imaging that is commonly used in pediatric radiology due to its multiple advantages for the imaging of young patients. Advancements in technology have allowed the use of contrast-enhanced ultrasounds (CEUS) with high-frequency transducers, which in turn, led to new possibilities in diagnosing a variety of diseases and conditions in the field of radiology, including neonatal brain imaging. CEUS overcomes some of the limitations of conventional US and Doppler US. It allows the visualization of dynamic perfusion even in the smallest vessels in the whole brain and allows the quantitative analysis of perfusion parameters. 
  • 129
  • 11 Aug 2023
Topic Review
Conventional MRI Characteristics of Peri- and Para-Vascular Spaces
Brain spaces around (perivascular spaces) and alongside (paravascular or Virchow–Robin spaces) vessels have gained significant attention due to the advancements of in vivo imaging tools and to their crucial role in maintaining brain health, contributing to the anatomic foundation of the glymphatic system. In fact, it is widely accepted that peri- and para-vascular spaces function as waste clearance pathways for the brain for materials such as ß-amyloid by allowing exchange between cerebrospinal fluid and interstitial fluid. Visible brain spaces on magnetic resonance imaging are often a normal finding, but they have also been associated with a wide range of neurological and systemic conditions, suggesting their potential as early indicators of intracranial pressure and neurofluid imbalance.
  • 98
  • 01 Feb 2024
Topic Review
Cranial Nerves of Facial Asymmetry
Symmetry of the face is the one of the most important features for the perception of attractiveness. The word “symmetry” derives from Greek and comes from “syn” (together) and “metron” (meter). Symmetry means that both sides of the face, right and left, are alike. The term “asymmetry” refers to dissimilarity between components, altering the balance between structures. Cranial nerve damage, especially the affection of oculomotor, trochlear, trigeminal, and facial nerves, may occur in many neurological conditions. The most common acquired causes of cranial nerve damage are cerebrovascular events, such as ischemic or haemorrhagic stroke.
  • 2.0K
  • 16 Jun 2022
Topic Review
Diagnostic Approaches to Adult-Type Diffuse Glial Tumors
Gliomas are the most frequent intrinsic central nervous system tumors. The new 2021 WHO Classification of Central Nervous System Tumors brought significant changes into the classification of gliomas, that underline the role of molecular diagnostics, with the adult-type diffuse glial tumors now identified primarily by their biomarkers rather than histology. The status of the isocitrate dehydrogenase (IDH) 1 or 2 describes tumors at their molecular level and together with the presence or absence of 1p/19q codeletion are the most important biomarkers used for the classification of adult-type diffuse glial tumors. 
  • 158
  • 27 Sep 2023
Topic Review
Diffusion Tensor Imaging in Prognostic of Acute/Hyperacute Stroke
Clinical manifestation of stroke is characterized by great diversity, ranging from minor disability to considerable neurological impairment interfering with activities of daily living and even death. Prognostic ambiguity has stimulated the interest for implementing stroke recovery biomarkers, including those provided by structural neuroimaging techniques, i.e., diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) and tractography for the study of white matter (WM) integrity. Diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) is an extension of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) for in vivo mapping of white matter (WM) directionality and organization, allowing the qualitative and quantitative evaluation of major WM tracts and their microstructural integrity. DTI is based on the random diffusion of water molecules. Research on DTI metrics as stroke outcome biomarker is not limited to the acute and subacute phases, as it is also implemented on chronic stroke patients. Direct visualization of long tracts and their potential disruption provides insight into pathogenesis of functional deficits in stroke survivors as well as compensatory mechanisms on a microstructural level. Such knowledge may elucidate which group of patients is most likely to benefit from rehabilitation, and even help personalize treatment plans after the acute stroke phase according to each individual’s needs. 
  • 612
  • 23 Nov 2022
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