Subject:
All Disciplines Arts & Humanities Biology & Life Sciences Business & Economics Chemistry & Materials Science Computer Science & Mathematics Engineering Environmental & Earth Sciences Medicine & Pharmacology Physical Sciences Public Health & Healthcare Social Sciences
Sort:
Hottest Latest Alphabetical (A-Z) Alphabetical (Z-A)
Type:
All Topic Review Biography
Topic Review
CytoSorb® Hemoadsorption Therapy in Patients with Infective Endocarditis
Infective endocarditis (IE) is a rare but severe disease with high morbidity and mortality. Cardiac surgery plays a major role in the contemporary clinical management of IE patients.
  • 52
  • 08 Feb 2024
Topic Review
Antibiotic Therapy of Sepsis Stewardship
The main recent change observed in the field of critical patient infection has been the universal awareness of the need to make better use of antimicrobials, especially in the most seriously ill patients, beyond the application of simple formulas and rigid protocols. The greatest challenge, therefore, of decision making in this context lies in determining an effective, optimal, and balanced empirical antibiotic treatment. This is sepsis stewardship.
  • 179
  • 07 Feb 2024
Topic Review
Kidney Replacement Therapy for Weaning
Acute kidney injury (AKI) is a common pathology in critical care settings, affecting more than half of all patients, 10% of whom require kidney replacement therapy (KRT). Modalities of KRT currently available include intermittent hemodialysis and continuous renal replacement therapies (continuous veno-venous hemodialysis or hemo/dia/filtration). Though a better survival using continuous compared with intermittent RRT has not been evidenced, the former has gained wide application in ICUs, often supplanting intermittent modalities because of the belief that it is better tolerated in hemodynamically unstable patients. Regardless of the modality used, the need for KRT considerably increases in-hospital mortality, which then fluctuates between 40% and 60%. More than three-fourths of patients who survive this acute episode develop chronic renal failure, 10 to 30% of whom remain dependent on KRT. In the long term, they remain exposed to a worsening of their morbidity and mortality, and a deterioration in their quality of life.
  • 92
  • 01 Feb 2024
Topic Review
Computed Tomography Scan in ARDS
Artificial intelligence (AI) can make intelligent decisions in a manner akin to that of the human mind. AI has the potential to improve clinical workflow, diagnosis, and prognosis, especially in radiology. Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) is a very diverse illness that is characterized by interstitial opacities, mostly in the dependent areas, decreased lung aeration with alveolar collapse, and inflammatory lung edema resulting in elevated lung weight. As a result, lung imaging is a crucial tool for evaluating the mechanical and morphological traits of ARDS patients. Compared to traditional chest radiography, sensitivity and specificity of lung computed tomography (CT) and ultrasound are higher. 
  • 60
  • 15 Jan 2024
Topic Review
Therapeutic Plasma Exchange in the ICU
Therapeutic plasma exchange (TPE) is a treatment paradigm used to remove harmful molecules from the body. In short, it is a technique that employs a process that functions partially outside the body and involves the replacement of the patient’s plasma. It has been used in the ICU for a number of different disease states, for some as a first-line treatment modality and for others as a type of salvage therapy. 
  • 134
  • 09 Jan 2024
Topic Review
Microbiome-Directed Therapies
Loss of commensal microbiota and excessive growth of potentially pathogenic bacteria are the main features of the gut microbiota in critically ill adult patients. Gut microbiota imbalance can increase the risk of secondary infection, immunosuppression, and even organ dysfunction, leading to an increased incidence of opportunistic infections and sepsis, aggravated various target organ damage, and worsened patient condition. Additionally, even after recovery from sepsis, the slow recolonization of patients’ normal microbiota may lead to long-term immunosuppression and poor prognosis. Therefore, different strategies related to the gut microbiota, such as using probiotics and prebiotics alone or in combination (synthetic preparations,) have been proposed in order to prevent the further growth of pathogens and improve the outcomes of critically ill patients.
  • 114
  • 14 Dec 2023
Topic Review
Adjunctive Hemoadsorption Therapy with CytoSorb in Septic/Vasoplegic Shock
There are no approved therapies to modulate the excessive immune response and limit hyperinflammation with the goal of preventing related organ failure and death. In this context, extracorporeal blood purification therapies aiming at the alteration of the host inflammatory response through broad-spectrum, non-selective removal of inflammatory mediators have come into focus. A novel hemoadsorption device (CytoSorb®, CytoSorbents Inc., Princeton, NJ, USA) has shown promising results in patients with hyperinflammation from various origins. Although a significant body of literature exists, there is ongoing research to address many important remaining questions, including the optimal selection of patient groups who might benefit the most, optimal timing for therapy initiation, optimal schedule for adsorber exchanges and therapy duration, as well as an investigation into the potential removal of concomitant antibiotics and other medications. 
  • 184
  • 04 Dec 2023
Topic Review
Consequence of Alveolar Hyperoxia and Systemic Hyperoxaemia
Acute hypoxic respiratory failure (AHRF) is a prominent feature of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) critical illness. The need for a high FiO2 to normalise arterial hypoxemia and tissue hypoxia can result in alveolar hyperoxia. This in turn can lead to local alveolar oxidative stress with associated inflammation, alveolar epithelial cell apoptosis, surfactant dysfunction, pulmonary vascular abnormalities, resorption atelectasis, and impairment of innate immunity predisposing to secondary bacterial infections. While oxygen is a life-saving treatment, alveolar hyperoxia may exacerbate pre-existing lung injury.
  • 340
  • 20 Nov 2023
Topic Review
Zinc Functions
Zinc is a structural component of proteins, functions as a catalytic co-factor in DNA synthesis and transcription of hundreds of enzymes, and has a regulatory role in protein–DNA interactions of zinc-finger proteins.
  • 110
  • 15 Nov 2023
Topic Review
ECMO Management in Severely Hypothermic Cardiac Arrest Patients
Accidental hypothermia, defined as an unintentional drop of the body core temperature below 35 °C, is one of the causes of cardiocirculatory instability and reversible cardiac arrest. Currently, extracorporeal life support (ECLS) rewarming is recommended as a first-line treatment for hypothermic cardiac arrest patients. The aim of the ECLS rewarming is not only rapid normalization of core temperature but also maintenance of adequate organ perfusion. Veno-arterial extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) is a preferred technique due to its lower anticoagulation requirements and potential to prolong circulatory support. Although highly efficient, ECMO is acknowledged as an invasive treatment option, requiring experienced medical personnel and is associated with the risk of serious complications. 
  • 187
  • 08 Nov 2023
  • Page
  • of
  • 10
Featured Entry Collections
>>

Featured Books

>>
Encyclopedia of Social Sciences
Encyclopedia of COVID-19
Encyclopedia of Fungi
Encyclopedia of Digital Society, Industry 5.0 and Smart City
Feedback