Subject:
All Disciplines Arts & Humanities Biology & Life Sciences Business & Economics Chemistry & Materials Science Computer Science & Mathematics Engineering Environmental & Earth Sciences Medicine & Pharmacology Physical Sciences Public Health & Healthcare Social Sciences
Sort:
Hottest Latest Alphabetical (A-Z) Alphabetical (Z-A)
Type:
All Topic Review Biography
Topic Review
GPS in the Earthmoving Industry
GPS when applied in the earthmoving industry can be a viable asset to contractors and increase the overall efficiency of the job.
  • 279
  • 04 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Ground Movement Due to Swelling/Shrinkage of Nicosia Marl
The social and economic impact of expansive soils has been historically significant and is becoming more important in recent years as urban centers expand into areas covering such soils. The research mentioned here are meant to help in understanding the relationship between the spatial distribution of the causal factors and the magnitude of this phenomenon. Its findings can be of benefit to state authorities and other policy makers, as well as the construction industry, in planning future urban development and the maintenance of existing infrastructure.
  • 438
  • 29 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Impact of Stress Path on Rock Strength
The strength of rock is a non-intrinsic property, and this means that numerous parameters influence the strength values. In most laboratory experiments, specimens are free of stress at the start of the tests, and the load is increased systematically until failure occurs. Around excavations, the opposite path occurs, i.e., the rock is in equilibrium under a triaxial stress state and at least one stress component decreases while another component may increase. Hence, the stress paths in classic laboratory experiments are different from the in situ stress paths. In the research presented, the effect of these different stress paths on the failure processes and failure envelopes was studied. The micro-fracturing when loading rock (from zero or low stress state) until failure was different from the micro-fracturing when unloading rock (from the in situ stress state) until failure. And, hence, by this difference in weakening processes, the failure envelopes were significantly different. The conventional loading resulted in the largest strength and, thus, overestimated the rock strength in comparison to the real in situ behavior. This finding, after being confirmed by additional experiments, will have a direct effect on how one characterizes rock material and on the design of rock excavations.
  • 137
  • 03 Nov 2023
Topic Review
Improvement of Vacuum Preloading System
The vacuum preloading system consists of vertical drains, horizontal vacuum pipes embedded in a layer of the sand blanket, membranes, and vacuum pumps. Studies have confirmed that vacuum preloading can effectively accelerate the consolidation process of soft soil. Further improvement in the efficiency of this method is still the continuing goal of scholars.
  • 475
  • 16 Dec 2022
Topic Review
Laboratory Testing and Classification of Mudrocks
Mudrocks are fine-grained clay-rich rocks that comprise different lithotypes forming more than 60% of all sedimentary rocks, and thus, they occur frequently in engineering projects either as natural ground or as made ground. These rocks may display a range of engineering behaviours controlled mostly by their composition and structural features. Due to rapid breakdown and susceptibility to volume changes, they may cause problems both during and after construction. Research into the susceptibility of mudrocks to breakdown aims to predict problematic behaviour and provide guidance for avoiding or mitigating these effects. Low-durability materials that disintegrate during sampling and testing can be especially difficult to assess. 
  • 155
  • 19 Oct 2023
Topic Review
Large-Scale Geothermal Collector Systems
A Geothermal collector system is a ground heat exchanger connected to a heat pump which provides heating energy from the ground for buildings. A Large-scale geothermal collector systems differ from small systems, which are usually built for individual buildings, in their size and complexity. Typical large-scale geothermal collector systems supply entire settlements with heating and cooling energy via 5th Generation District Heating and Cooling (5GDHC) by using the very Shallow Geothermal Potential (vSGP). They can also be constructed in multiple horizontal layers.
  • 1.6K
  • 04 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Microbially Induced Carbonate Precipitation
 Microbially induced carbonate precipitation (MICP) is a promising technology for solidifying sandy soil, ground improvement, repairing concrete cracks, and remediation of polluted land. By solidifying sand into soil capable of growing shrubs, MICP can facilitate peak and neutralization of CO2 emissions because each square meter of shrub can absorb 253.1 grams of CO2 per year.
  • 810
  • 01 Dec 2021
Topic Review Peer Reviewed
Natural Disasters: Origins, Impacts, Management
Natural hazards are processes that serve as triggers for natural disasters. Natural hazards can be classified into six categories. Geophysical or geological hazards relate to movement in solid earth. Their examples include earthquakes and volcanic activity. Hydrological hazards relate to the movement of water and include floods, landslides, and wave action. Meteorological hazards are storms, extreme temperatures, and fog. Climatological hazards are increasingly related to climate change and include droughts and wildfires. Biological hazards are caused by exposure to living organisms and/or their toxic substances. The COVID-19 virus is an example of a biological hazard. Extraterrestrial hazards are caused by asteroids, meteoroids, and comets as they pass near earth or strike earth. In addition to local damage, they can change earth inter planetary conditions that can affect the Earth’s magnetosphere, ionosphere, and thermosphere. This entry presents an overview of origins, impacts, and management of natural disasters. It describes processes that have potential to cause natural disasters. It outlines a brief history of impacts of natural hazards on the human built environment and the common techniques adopted for natural disaster preparedness. It also lays out challenges in dealing with disasters caused by natural hazards and points to new directions in warding off the adverse impact of such disasters. 
  • 4.5K
  • 13 Apr 2022
Topic Review
Natural Hazards in Pakistan
Natural hazards are dynamic and unpredictable events that are a continuous threat to global socio-economic development. Humans’ reactions to these catastrophes are influenced by their proximity to the hazards and their ability to anticipate, resist, cope with, and recover from their consequences. Due to climatic changes, the risk of multiple natural hazards is expected to increase in several regions of Pakistan.
  • 4.0K
  • 08 Feb 2023
Topic Review
North American Datum
The North American Datum (NAD) is the horizontal datum now used to define the geodetic network in North America. A datum is a formal description of the shape of the Earth along with an "anchor" point for the coordinate system. In surveying, cartography, and land-use planning, two North American Datums are in use for making lateral or "horizontal" measurements: the North American Datum of 1927 (NAD 27) and the North American Datum of 1983 (NAD 83). Both are geodetic reference systems based on slightly different assumptions and measurements. Vertical measurements, based on distances above or below Mean High Water (MHW), are calculated using the North American Vertical Datum of 1988 (NAVD 88). NAD 83, along with NAVD 88, is set to be replaced with a new GPS- and gravimetric geoid model-based geometric reference frame and geopotential datum in 2022.
  • 593
  • 20 Oct 2022
  • Page
  • of
  • 3
Featured Entry Collections
>>

Featured Books

>>
Encyclopedia of Social Sciences
Encyclopedia of COVID-19
Encyclopedia of Fungi
Encyclopedia of Digital Society, Industry 5.0 and Smart City
Feedback