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Topic Review
Decomposition Characteristics of Iron Ore during Smelting Reduction
Against the background of low global carbonization, blast furnace ironmaking technology with coking puts huge amounts of pressure on the global steel industry to save energy and reduce emissions due to its high pollution levels and high energy consumption. Bath smelting reduction technology is globally favored and studied by metallurgists as a non-blast furnace ironmaking technology that directly reduces iron ore into liquid metal without using coke as the raw material. The smelting reduction reaction of iron ore, which is the core reaction of the process, is greatly significant to its productivity and energy saving. 
  • 697
  • 23 Apr 2023
Topic Review
Solid-State Welding of Steels
Welding is a joining process that permanently connects solid parts and forms components that cannot be divided without causing damage. Furthermore, welding is the most efficient and economical way to join similar or dissimilar materials with or without using filler material, heat, or external pressure. Welding can be processed in a variety of environments, including outdoors, inside, underwater, and even in outer space. The two main categories of welding methods, solid-state welding (SSW) and fusion welding, are processes to join metals. Fusion welding can be defined as the melting process of parent materials on facing surfaces with a filler material to form a weld bead. The fusion welding process comprises gas welding, arc welding, and intense-energy beam welding.
  • 678
  • 06 Jan 2023
Topic Review
Fatigue Shear-band in Metallic Glass
Metallic glass (MG) is a class of metallic material fabricated by the fast-cooling during solidification. This alloy lacks the long-range order characteristic and the crystalline defects including grain boundaries and dislocations. The unique structural feature makes some mechanical properties of MG obviously superior than conventional crystalline alloys, such as strength, hardness, elastic limit, wear resistance, etc. It is estimated that ~90% of all mechanical failures in the structural materials are caused by fatigue. Thus, the fatigue property is an important evaluation index before a new structural material application. Without the dislocations and grain boundaries, the plastic deformation of MG occurs in the form of atomic clusters operation at room temperature, eventually leading to the generation of shear band. It is found that the fatigue damage and fracture of MGs were dominated by shear band. As a result, understanding how shear band evolution under cyclic loading is important for improving the fatigue performance of MGs.
  • 663
  • 16 Jul 2021
Topic Review
Tribology of HEAs Prepared by Spark Plasma Sintering
High-entropy alloys (HEAs) are prospective advanced materials for the production of components that operate at high, severe friction and in high-temperature environments. This is because they possess unique properties requisite for such applications. The tribology of HEAs is described. The exploits of wear-resistant HEAs, the development techniques of wear-resistant HEAs, challenges in developing wear-resistant HEAs, and so on, are included.
  • 663
  • 12 Jan 2024
Topic Review
Artisanal and Small-Scale Gold Mining
The aim of this work is to explain the concepts of sustainability with respect to small artisanal gold mining. For this, a qualitative approach with a descriptive scope was used, for which the bibliographic review technique was conducted. In this sense, articles, theses, books and institutional documents, and any contribution related to the research topic were taken into consideration. Likewise, this documentation contributed to the delimiting aspects that allowed a contrast between the proposed definitions and small artisanal mining in the Northeast Antioquia region in Colombia. Based on the reviewed sources, different needs were recognized in artisanal small-scale gold mining in Northeast Antioquia that still need action. In conclusion, through the exposition of sustainability theories, three common factors were identified within the various positions that were raised—the environmental, economic, and sociocultural dimensions. 
  • 643
  • 27 Aug 2021
Biography
Cornelius J. Barton
Cornelius J. Barton (born 1936) is an United States metallurgical engineer, businessman and the acting president of Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute from April 1998 until July 1999.[1] He received bachelor's, master's and Ph.D. degrees in metallurgical engineering from Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute. He is a member of the engineering honor society Sigma Xi and is a brother of the Delta Phi so
  • 634
  • 09 Dec 2022
Topic Review
Effect of Accelerating Methods on Gas Nitriding
Gas nitriding, as a surface modification technology to improve the wear resistance of workpiece surfaces, is widely used in wind turbine gears, pressure vessel gears, high-precision die casting abrasives, and other areas. However, the gas nitriding time is too long, reaching 40–60 h, which reduces the efficiency of nitriding and hinders the development of gas nitriding. Therefore, various accelerating methods are born accordingly. There are five common accelerating methods are summarized: process parameter optimization, surface mechanical nano-crystallization, surface-active catalysis, surface pre-oxidation, and surface laser treatment. 
  • 612
  • 13 Nov 2023
Topic Review
Lithium Production and Recovery Methods
The first step of hydrometallurgical treatment is leaching, which is an effective method capable of transferring over 99% of the present metals to the leach solutions. Extraction of metals after leaching can be conducted using various methods, with precipitation being the most commonly used. The precipitation of other metals can result in the co-precipitation of lithium, causing total lithium losses up to 30%. To prevent such losses, solvent extraction methods are used to selectively remove elements, such as Co, Ni, Al, and Mn. Solvent extraction (SX) is highly effective, reducing the losses to 3% per extraction stage and reducing overall lithium losses to 15%. After the refining, lithium is precipitated as lithium carbonate. High lithium carbonate solubility (1.5 g/L) and high liquid to solid leaching ratios require costly and avoidable operations to be implemented in order to enhance lithium concentration. Therefore, it is suggested that more studies should focus on multistage leaching with lower L/S ratios.
  • 599
  • 14 Jul 2023
Topic Review
Residual Stress Impingement Methods and Environmental Fracture Susceptibility
Metallic components undergo stress due to externally applied forces and/or internal residual forces, with the latter often originating from thermally induced deformation during production or from the forming and machining processes. Over time in service, these stresses may act in concert with the surrounding environment, component geometry, surface defects, corrosion, and more to induce subcritical damage in the form of fatigue, corrosion fatigue, or environmentally assisted cracking (EAC). To combat such degradation, numerous residual stress impingement (RSI) methods have been developed with varying levels of efficacy and ease of use. This entry summarizes the benefits and detriments of leading RSI treatments towards corrosion, corrosion fatigue, and EAC in a range of engineering alloys as a function of material hardness. 
  • 577
  • 19 Nov 2021
Topic Review
Low-Carbon Ti-Mo Microalloyed Hot Rolled Steels
Low-carbon Ti-Mo microalloyed steels represent a new generation of high strength steels for automobile sheet. Excellent indicators of difficult-to-combine technological, strength, and other service properties are achieved due to the superposition of a dispersed ferrite matrix and a bulk system of nanoscale carbide precipitates.
  • 570
  • 29 Oct 2021
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