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Topic Review
Copernicus Programme
Copernicus is the European Union's Earth observation programme coordinated and managed by the European Commission in partnership with the European Space Agency (ESA), the EU Member States and EU Agencies. It aims at achieving a global, continuous, autonomous, high quality, wide range Earth observation capacity. Providing accurate, timely and easily accessible information to, among other things, improve the management of the environment, understand and mitigate the effects of climate change, and ensure civil security. The objective is to use vast amount of global data from satellites and from ground-based, airborne and seaborne measurement systems to produce timely and quality information, services and knowledge, and to provide autonomous and independent access to information in the domains of environment and security on a global level in order to help service providers, public authorities and other international organizations improve the quality of life for the citizens of Europe. In other words, it pulls together all the information obtained by the Copernicus environmental satellites, air and ground stations and sensors to provide a comprehensive picture of the "health" of Earth. One of the benefits of the Copernicus Programme is that the data and information produced in the framework of Copernicus are made available free-of-charge to all its users and the public, thus allowing downstream services to be developed. The services offered by Copernicus cover six main interacting themes: atmosphere, marine, land, climate, emergency and security. Copernicus builds upon three components: Its cost during 1998 to 2020 are estimated at 6.7 billion euros with around €4.3bn spent in the period 2014 to 2020 and shared between the EU (66%) and ESA (33%) with benefits of the data to the EU economy estimated at roughly 30 billion euros through 2030. ESA as a main partner has performed much of the design and oversees and co-funds the development of Sentinel missions 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6 with each Sentinel mission consisting of at least 2 satellites and some, such as Sentinel 1, consisting of 4 satellites. They will also provide the instruments for Meteosat Third Generation and MetOp-SG weather satellites of EUMETSAT where ESA and EUMETSAT will also coordinate the delivery of data from upwards of 30 satellites that form the contributing satellite missions to Copernicus.
  • 358
  • 11 Nov 2022
Topic Review
List of Unnumbered Minor Planets: 2003 U–Y
This is a partial list of unnumbered minor planets for principal designations assigned between 16 October 2003 and 31 December 2003 (U–Y).
  • 356
  • 24 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Pellicle Mirror
A pellicle mirror (diminutive of pellis, a skin or film) is an ultra-thin, ultra-lightweight semi-transparent mirror employed in the light path of an optical instrument, splitting the light beam into two separate beams, both of reduced light intensity. Splitting the beam allows its use for multiple purposes simultaneously. The thinness of the mirror practically eliminates beam or image doubling due to a non-coincident weak second reflection from the nominally non-reflecting surface, a problem with mirror-type beam splitters.
  • 356
  • 28 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Heat Modulation of Intrinsic MR Contrasts
Multi-parametric magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is a paradigm that combines several MR imaging contrast types to provide added layers of information for the characterization of tissue types, including benign and malignant tumors. 
  • 356
  • 28 Feb 2022
Topic Review
Soil Moisture Active Passive
Soil Moisture Active Passive (SMAP) is an United States environmental research satellite launched on 31 January 2015. It was one of the first Earth observation satellites developed by NASA in response to the National Research Council’s Decadal Survey.
  • 356
  • 28 Oct 2022
Topic Review
JPL Mars Helicopter Scout
The Mars Helicopter Scout (MHS) is a planned robotic helicopter that will test the technology to scout interesting targets for study on Mars, and help plan the best driving route for future Mars rovers. The small drone helicopter will be deployed in 2021 from the planned Mars 2020 rover. It is expected to fly up to five times during its 30-day test campaign, early in the rover's mission, as it is primarily a technology demonstration. Each flight will take no more than 3 minutes, at altitudes ranging from 3 m to 10 m above the ground, but it could potentially cover a maximum distance of about 600 m (2,000 ft) per flight. It will use autonomous control and communicate with the Mars 2020 rover directly after each landing. If it works as expected, NASA will be able to build on the design for future Mars missions. MiMi Aung is the project lead. Other team members are AeroVironment Inc., NASA Ames Research Center, and NASA Langley Research Center.
  • 355
  • 24 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Atom Chips for Absolute Gravity Sensors
As a powerful tool in scientific research and industrial technologies, the cold atom absolute gravity sensor (CAGS) based on cold atom interferometry has been proven to be the most promising new generation high-precision absolute gravity sensor. However, large size, heavy weight, and high–power consumption are still the main restriction factors of CAGS being applied for practical applications on mobile platforms. Combined with cold atom chips, it is possible to drastically reduce the complexity, weight, and size of CAGS.
  • 353
  • 07 Jun 2023
Topic Review
Halide Perovskites Films for Ionizing Radiation Detection
Halide perovskites are a novel class of semiconductors that have attracted great interest due to their peculiar properties of interest for optoelectronics. In fact, their use ranges from the field of sensors and light emitters to ionizing radiation detectors. Since 2015, ionizing radiation detectors exploiting perovskite films as active media have been developed. 
  • 353
  • 15 Jun 2023
Topic Review
List of Unnumbered Minor Planets: 2002 T–Y
This is a partial list of unnumbered minor planets for principal designations assigned between 1 October 2002 and 31 December 2002 (T–Y).
  • 352
  • 10 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Osmium-180
Osmium (76Os) has seven naturally occurring isotopes, five of which are stable: 187Os, 188Os, 189Os, 190Os, and (most abundant) 192Os. The other natural isotopes, 184Os, and 186Os, have extremely long half-life (1.12×1013 years and 2×1015 years, respectively) and for practical purposes can be considered to be stable as well. 187Os is the daughter of 187Re (half-life 4.56×1010 years) and is most often measured in an 187Os/188Os ratio. This ratio, as well as the 187Re/188Os ratio, have been used extensively in dating terrestrial as well as meteoric rocks. It has also been used to measure the intensity of continental weathering over geologic time and to fix minimum ages for stabilization of the mantle roots of continental cratons. However, the most notable application of Os in dating has been in conjunction with iridium, to analyze the layer of shocked quartz along the Cretaceous–Paleogene boundary that marks the extinction of the dinosaurs 66 million years ago. There are also 30 artificial radioisotopes, the longest-lived of which is 194Os with a half-life of six years; all others have half-lives under 94 days. There are also nine known nuclear isomers, the longest-lived of which is 191mOs with a half-life of 13.10 hours. All isotopes and nuclear isomers of osmium are either radioactive or observationally stable, meaning that they are predicted to be radioactive but no actual decay has been observed.
  • 352
  • 01 Nov 2022
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