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Topic Review
Types of Liquid Crystal Biosensors
Interactions between liquid crystal molecules and target analytes open up various biosensing applications for quick screening and point-of-care applications. There exist different kinds of biosensors, such as electrochemical, wearable, amperometric, potentiometric, optical, impedimetric and thermometric. Liquid crystal (LC) biosensors belong to the type of optical biosensors, which employ its anisotropy and sensitivity to external stimuli. As it is known, LCs are highly sensitive to environment changes, e.g., temperature, electric fields and surface interactions. The inherent property of LCs to respond to external stimuli gives LC biosensors a high potential to contribute to the new biosensing era. 
  • 566
  • 02 Jan 2024
Topic Review
Compact Fusion Reactor
The Lockheed Martin Compact Fusion Reactor (CFR) is a proposed nuclear fusion reactor project at Lockheed Martin’s Skunk Works. Its high-beta configuration, which implies that the ratio of plasma pressure to magnetic pressure is greater than or equal to 1 (compared to tokamak designs' 0.05), allows a compact fusion reactor (CFR) design and expedited development. The CFR chief designer and technical team lead, Thomas McGuire studied fusion as a source of space propulsion in response to a NASA desire to improve travel times to Mars.
  • 566
  • 21 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Site Directed Spin Labeling
Site-directed spin labeling (SDSL) is a molecular biology technique in which paramagnetic spin labels are incorporated into the specific site of bio-macromolecules for investigation of structure and dynamic properties using electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy. In SDSL, all native nondisulfide bonded cysteines are eliminated by changing them with another amino acid such as serine or an alanine. A unique cysteine residue is then incorporated into a recombinant protein using site-directed mutagenesis technique, and further reacted with sulfhydryl-specific nitroxide reagent to covalently generate a stable spin label side-chain. The development of SDSL approaches extended the application of EPR to almost any biological systems. Site-directed spin labeling  (SDSL) combined with EPR spectroscopy can provide structural dynamics of spin label side-chain, solvent accessibility, solvent polarity, and intra- or intermolecular distances between two spin labels of macromolecules.
  • 565
  • 27 Apr 2021
Topic Review
Einstein's Constant
Einstein's gravitational constant, denoted κ (kappa), is the constant appearing in the Einstein field equation which can be written: where Gαγ is the Einstein tensor and Tαγ is the stress–energy tensor. This equation relates to the curvature of spacetime, indicating that stress–energy is what causes the curvature of spacetime, thus gravitation. The constant κ is directly related to Newton's gravitational constant G: The above is for the stress–energy tensor in units of mass density (i.e., mass per volume). The units of Einstein's constant depends on how the stress–energy tensor is defined, so an alternative choice for T with units of energy density (i.e., energy per volume) yields
  • 565
  • 14 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Solid and Liquid Oxygen under Ultrahigh Magnetic Fields
Oxygen is a unique molecule that possesses a spin quantum number S=1. In the condensed phases of oxygen, the delicate balance between the antiferromagnetic interaction and van der Waals force results in the various phases with different crystal structures. By applying ultrahigh magnetic fields, the antiferromagnetic coupling between O2 molecules breaks, and novel high-field phase (θ phase) appears. Since oxygen is an important element for various (bio-)chemical reactions, the reorientation of O2 molecules could be an attractive mechanism for contrlling the reactivity.
  • 565
  • 01 Aug 2022
Topic Review
All-d-Metal Heusler Alloys
A promising strategy, resulting in novel compounds with better mechanical properties and substantial magnetocaloric effects, is favoring the d–d hybridization with transition-metal elements to replace p–d hybridization. The term given to these materials is “all-d-metal”. 
  • 564
  • 10 Feb 2023
Topic Review
Vascular Endothelial Dysfunction-Related Disease
Oxidative stress and chronic inflammation play an important role in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis. Atherosclerosis develops as the first step of vascular endothelial dysfunction induced by complex molecular mechanisms. Vascular endothelial dysfunction leads to oxidative stress and inflammation of vessel walls, which in turn enhances vascular endothelial dysfunction. Vascular endothelial dysfunction and vascular wall oxidative stress and chronic inflammation make a vicious cycle that leads to the development of atherosclerosis.
  • 564
  • 03 Feb 2023
Topic Review
CAPP Biological Activities
Plasma is an electrically conducting medium that responds to electric and magnetic fields. Most of the visible matter in the universe (about 99%), such as stars, nebulas and interstellar medium, is in the state of plasma. It consists of large quantities of highly reactive species, such as ions, energetic electrons, exited atoms and molecules, ultraviolet photons, and active radicals in different temperatures. Non-thermal or cold plasmas are partially ionized gases whose electron temperatures usually exceed several tens of thousand degrees K, while the ions and neutrals have much lower temperatures. Due to the presence of reactive species at low temperature, the biological effects of non-thermal plasmas have been studied for application in the medical area with promising results.
  • 562
  • 13 Apr 2021
Biography
Neil Gershenfeld
Neil A. Gershenfeld (born 1959 or 1960)[1] is an United States professor at MIT and the director of MIT's Center for Bits and Atoms, a sister lab to the MIT Media Lab. His research studies are predominantly focused in interdisciplinary studies involving physics and computer science, in such fields as quantum computing, nanotechnology, and personal fabrication. Gershenfeld attended Swarthmore Col
  • 561
  • 30 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Ultrafast Fiber Technologies for Compact Laser Wake Field
Technologies, performances and maturity of ultrafast fiber lasers and fiber delivery of ultrafast pulses are used for the medical deployment of laser-wake-field acceleration (LWFA). The compact ultrafast fiber lasers produce intense laser pulses with flexible hollow-core fiber delivery to facilitate electron acceleration in the laser-stimulated wake field near treatment site, empowering endoscopic LWFA brachytherapy. With coherent beam combination of multiple fiber amplifiers, the advantages of ultrafast fiber lasers are further extended to bring in more capabilities in compact LWFA applications.
  • 560
  • 08 Jul 2022
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