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Topic Review
Site Directed Spin Labeling
Site-directed spin labeling (SDSL) is a molecular biology technique in which paramagnetic spin labels are incorporated into the specific site of bio-macromolecules for investigation of structure and dynamic properties using electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy. In SDSL, all native nondisulfide bonded cysteines are eliminated by changing them with another amino acid such as serine or an alanine. A unique cysteine residue is then incorporated into a recombinant protein using site-directed mutagenesis technique, and further reacted with sulfhydryl-specific nitroxide reagent to covalently generate a stable spin label side-chain. The development of SDSL approaches extended the application of EPR to almost any biological systems. Site-directed spin labeling  (SDSL) combined with EPR spectroscopy can provide structural dynamics of spin label side-chain, solvent accessibility, solvent polarity, and intra- or intermolecular distances between two spin labels of macromolecules.
  • 538
  • 27 Apr 2021
Topic Review
Plasma-Assisted Atomic Layer Deposition in Nanofabrication
The growing need for increasingly miniaturized devices has placed high importance and demands on nanofabrication technologies with high-quality, low temperatures, and low-cost techniques. The development and advances in atomic layer deposition (ALD) processes boosted interest in their use in advanced electronic and nano/microelectromechanical systems (NEMS/MEMS) device manufacturing. In this context, non-thermal plasma (NTP) technology has been highlighted because it allowed the ALD technique to expand its process window and the fabrication of several nanomaterials at reduced temperatures, allowing thermosensitive substrates to be covered with good formability and uniformity. 
  • 538
  • 19 Oct 2022
Topic Review
CAPP Biological Activities
Plasma is an electrically conducting medium that responds to electric and magnetic fields. Most of the visible matter in the universe (about 99%), such as stars, nebulas and interstellar medium, is in the state of plasma. It consists of large quantities of highly reactive species, such as ions, energetic electrons, exited atoms and molecules, ultraviolet photons, and active radicals in different temperatures. Non-thermal or cold plasmas are partially ionized gases whose electron temperatures usually exceed several tens of thousand degrees K, while the ions and neutrals have much lower temperatures. Due to the presence of reactive species at low temperature, the biological effects of non-thermal plasmas have been studied for application in the medical area with promising results.
  • 537
  • 13 Apr 2021
Topic Review
Monoceros
Monoceros, Latin for "unicorn," is a constellation located in the celestial equator. Despite lacking ancient mythological roots, it was introduced in the 17th century by the astronomer Jakob Bartsch and later included in Johann Bayer's Uranometria, symbolizing the unicorn, a creature of myth and fantasy.
  • 535
  • 15 Mar 2024
Topic Review
Personal RF Safety Monitors
Electromagnetic field densitometers measure the exposure to electromagnetic radiation in certain ranges of the electromagnetic spectrum. This article concentrates on densitometers used in the telecommunication industry, which measure exposure to radio spectrum radiation. Other densitometers, like extremely low frequency densitometers which measure exposure to radiation from electric power lines, also exist. The major difference between a "Densitometer" and a "Dosimeter" is that a Dosimeter can measure the absorbed dose, which does not exist for RF Monitors. Monitors are also separated by "RF Monitors" that simply measure fields and "RF Personal Monitors" that are designed to function while mounted on the human body.
  • 533
  • 14 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Solid and Liquid Oxygen under Ultrahigh Magnetic Fields
Oxygen is a unique molecule that possesses a spin quantum number S=1. In the condensed phases of oxygen, the delicate balance between the antiferromagnetic interaction and van der Waals force results in the various phases with different crystal structures. By applying ultrahigh magnetic fields, the antiferromagnetic coupling between O2 molecules breaks, and novel high-field phase (θ phase) appears. Since oxygen is an important element for various (bio-)chemical reactions, the reorientation of O2 molecules could be an attractive mechanism for contrlling the reactivity.
  • 532
  • 01 Aug 2022
Topic Review
Ultrafast Fiber Technologies for Compact Laser Wake Field
Technologies, performances and maturity of ultrafast fiber lasers and fiber delivery of ultrafast pulses are used for the medical deployment of laser-wake-field acceleration (LWFA). The compact ultrafast fiber lasers produce intense laser pulses with flexible hollow-core fiber delivery to facilitate electron acceleration in the laser-stimulated wake field near treatment site, empowering endoscopic LWFA brachytherapy. With coherent beam combination of multiple fiber amplifiers, the advantages of ultrafast fiber lasers are further extended to bring in more capabilities in compact LWFA applications.
  • 532
  • 08 Jul 2022
Topic Review
Thermodynamic Insights into Symmetry Breaking
Symmetry breaking is a phenomenon that is observed in various contexts, from the early universe to complex organisms, and it is considered a key puzzle in understanding the emergence of life. The importance of this phenomenon is underscored by the prevalence of enantiomeric amino acids and proteins. The presence of enantiomeric amino acids and proteins highlights its critical role. However, the origin of symmetry breaking has yet to be comprehensively explained, particularly from an energetic standpoint.  Therefore, a novel approach is explored by considering energy dissipation, specifically the lost free energy, as a crucial factor in elucidating symmetry breaking. A comprehensive thermodynamic analysis applicable to all scales from elementary particles to aggregate structures such as crystals is performed, we present experimental evidence establishing a direct link between nonequilibrium free energy and energy dissipation during the formation of the structures. Results emphasize the pivotal role of energy dissipation, not only as an outcome but as the trigger for symmetry breaking. This insight suggests that understanding the origins of complex systems, from cells to living beings and the universe itself, requires a lens focused on nonequilibrium processes  
  • 532
  • 15 Apr 2024
Topic Review
AIDA (Mission)
The Asteroid Impact and Deflection Assessment (AIDA) mission is a proposed pair of space probes which will study and demonstrate the kinetic effects of crashing an impactor spacecraft into an asteroid moon. The mission is intended to test and validate impact models of whether a spacecraft could successfully deflect an asteroid on a collision course with Earth. The original plan called for a European spacecraft, the Asteroid Impact Mission (AIM), to operate in synergy with a large NASA impactor called Double Asteroid Redirection Test (DART) and observe the immediate effects of the impact. AIM was cancelled in 2016 when Germany was unable to fund its portion, and after some backlash within ESA, AIM was replaced in 2018 with a smaller spacecraft called Hera that will launch five years after DART to orbit and study the crater on the asteroid. Hera will also deploy Europe's first CubeSats in deep space for close-up asteroid surveying: Juventas and Milani. DART is currently planned to impact in 2022 in the small moon of asteroid 65803 Didymos, while Hera will arrive at Didymos in 2027, five years after DART's impact.
  • 531
  • 01 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Stress Measures
The most commonly used measure of stress is the Cauchy stress tensor, often called simply the stress tensor or "true stress". However, several other measures of stress can be defined. Some such stress measures that are widely used in continuum mechanics, particularly in the computational context, are: The Kirchhoff stress (τ). The Nominal stress (N). The first Piola-Kirchhoff stress (P). This stress tensor is the transpose of the nominal stress (P=NT). The second Piola-Kirchhoff stress or PK2 stress (S). The Biot stress (T).
  • 531
  • 06 Dec 2022
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