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Topic Review
Composite Materials Related to Bone
Bones are composite materials consisting of organic polymers (mainly type I collagen), carbonated apatite, and water, with volume fractions of 35–45%, 35–45%, and 15–25%, respectively. Carbonated apatite in bone contributes to rigidity, while organic polymers and water contribute to toughness. The inorganic crystal, carbonated apatite, is a plate-shaped crystal with dimensions of 50 nm × 25 nm × 1–4 nm, generating a significant organic–inorganic interface, due to its nanoscale size. This interface is believed to absorb externally applied forces to dissipate mechanical energy to thermal energy. Crystallization of calcium phosphate in a solution or in a dispersion of a polymer attracts interest as a biomimetic synthesis of the bone-like composites.
  • 142
  • 14 Nov 2023
Topic Review
Seashell-Based Biocomposite by Pleurotus ostreatus Mycelium
Mycelium biocomposites are eco-friendly, cheap, easy to produce, and have competitive mechanical properties. However, their integration in the built environment as durable and long-lasting materials is not solved yet. Similarly, biocomposites from recycled food waste such as seashells have been gaining increasing interest recently, thanks to their sustainable impact and richness in calcium carbonate and chitin. 
  • 118
  • 09 Nov 2023
Topic Review
Silver Bionanocomposites as Active Food Packaging
Food waste is a pressing global challenge leading to over $1 trillion lost annually and contributing up to 10% of global greenhouse gas emissions. Extensive study has been directed toward the use of active biodegradable packaging materials to improve food quality, minimize plastic use, and encourage sustainable packaging technology development.
  • 187
  • 07 Nov 2023
Topic Review
Metal Organic Frameworks Supported on Graphene Oxide
Nanotechnology is one of the most active research fields in materials science. Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) have the benefits of having a sizable specific surface area, extremely high porosity, changeable pore size, post-synthesis modification, and extreme thermal stability. Graphene oxide (GO) has attracted significant research interest due to its similar surface area to MOFs. Furthermore, oxygen-containing groups presented in graphene oxide offer the unique processing and handling advantages of amphiphilicity and dispersion in water. MOF-based GO has attracted attention due to its resemblance to metal ions and organic binding linkers. It has sparked great interest in the past few years due to its distinct characteristics and higher performance compared to MOFs or GO alone. 
  • 501
  • 20 Oct 2023
Topic Review
Graphene–Polymer Nanocomposite Foams for Electromagnetic Interference Shielding
Graphene, a unique carbon nanomaterial with a two-dimensional structure and exceptional electrical and mechanical properties, offers advantages such as flexibility, light weight, good chemical stability, and high electromagnetic shielding efficiency. Consequently, it has emerged as an ideal filler in electromagnetic shielding composites, garnering significant attention. In order to meet the requirements of high efficiency and low weight for electromagnetic shielding materials, researchers have explored the use of graphene–polymer nanocomposite foams with a cellular structure. 
  • 104
  • 19 Oct 2023
Topic Review
(Fe-Co-Ni-Zn)-Based Metal–Organic Framework-Derived Electrocatalyst for Zinc–Air Batteries
Zinc–air batteries (ZABs) have garnered significant interest as a viable substitute for lithium-ion batteries (LIBs), primarily due to their impressive energy density and low cost. However, the efficacy of zinc–air batteries is heavily dependent on electrocatalysts, which play a vital role in enhancing reaction efficiency and stability. This research highlights the crucial significance of electrocatalysts in zinc–air batteries and explores the rationale behind employing Fe-Co-Ni-Zn-based metal–organic framework (MOF)-derived hybrid materials as potential electrocatalysts. These MOF-derived electrocatalysts offer advantages such as abundancy, high catalytic activity, tunability, and structural stability. Various synthesis methods and characterization techniques are employed to optimize the properties of MOF-derived electrocatalysts. Such electrocatalysts exhibit excellent catalytic activity, stability, and selectivity, making them suitable for applications in ZABs. Furthermore, they demonstrate notable capabilities in the realm of ZABs, encompassing elevated energy density, efficacy, and prolonged longevity. It is imperative to continue extensively researching and developing this area to propel the advancement of ZAB technology forward and pave the way for its practical implementation across diverse fields.
  • 207
  • 16 Oct 2023
Topic Review
Two-Dimensional Nanomaterial (2D-NMs)-Based Polymeric Composite for Oil–Water Separation
Oil leakage and organic solvent industrial accidents harm the ecosystem, especially aquatic and marine life. Oil–water separation is required to combat this issue, which substantially enhances the ecosystem and recovery of oils from water bodies. The advent of two-dimensional nanomaterials (2D-NMs) gives newer insight in developing membranes due to their exceptional characteristics like hydrophobicity/hydrophilicity, selectivity, antifouling ability, flexibility, and stability. Incorporating 2D-NMs within the polymeric membranes makes them exceptional candidates for removing oil from water. Moreover, 2D-NMs offer rapid sorption/desorption rates and boost water transportation. Additionally, 2D-NMs provide roughness that significantly enhances the fouling resistance in the polymeric membrane. 
  • 210
  • 16 Oct 2023
Topic Review
Types of Skin Wounds and Wound Healing
Chronic wounds encompass various types, each exhibiting distinct characteristics that are influenced by changes in the wound microenvironment. Parameters such as temperature, pH value, blood glucose concentration, and pressure undergo fluctuations depending on the type and condition of the wound. Hydrogels, composed of hydrophilic polymers, are promising materials for constructing multifunctional platforms. These hydrogels possess several advantageous properties, including a 3D network structure, high permeability to water and oxygen, and biocompatibility. 
  • 167
  • 27 Sep 2023
Topic Review
Bast-Fibre-Reinforced Hybrid Composites
Bast hybrid composites can be utilised in different applications, opening new platforms for developing novel products that compete with traditional hybrid composites. Various polymeric materials and processing techniques have been used to manufacture bast hybrid composites with attractive properties, such as renewability, low density, and cost-effectiveness. In most cases, the fibres were chemically modified in order to improve their adhesion with the host polymeric materials. 
  • 186
  • 22 Sep 2023
Topic Review
Recovery of Waste-Printed Circuit Boards Non-Metallic Components
The reutilization non-metallic components from a waste-printed circuit board (WPCB) has become one of the most significant bottlenecks in the comprehensive reuse of electronic wastes due to its low value and complex compositions, and it has received great attention from scientific and industrial researchers. To effectively address the environmental pollution caused by inappropriate recycling methods, such as incineration and landfill, extensive efforts have been dedicated to achieving the high value-added reutilization of WPCB non-metals in sustainable polymer composites.
  • 131
  • 11 Sep 2023
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