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Topic Review
Varied Microbiome Profiles in Neonates
The field of human microbiome and gut microbial diversity research has witnessed a profound transformation, driven by advances in omics technologies. These advancements have unveiled essential connections between microbiome alterations and severe conditions, prompting the development of new frameworks through epidemiological studies. Traditionally, it was believed that each individual harbored unique microbial communities acquired early in life, evolving over the course of their lifetime, with little acknowledgment of any prenatal microbial development, but research challenges this belief. The neonatal microbiome’s onset, influenced by factors like delivery mode and maternal health, remains a subject of intense debate, hinting at potential intrauterine microbial processes. 
  • 127
  • 05 Jan 2024
Topic Review
Natural History of Influenza B Virus
Influenza B virus (IBV) significantly impacts the health and the economy of the global population. WHO global health estimates project 1 billion flu cases annually, with 3 to 5 million resulting in severe disease and 0.3 to 0.5 million influenza-related deaths worldwide. Influenza B virus epidemics result in significant economic losses due to healthcare expenses, reduced workforce productivity, and strain on healthcare systems. 
  • 209
  • 05 Jan 2024
Topic Review
Potential Biomarkers Related to UBE3A
Many of the ASDs exhibiting varying degrees of autism-like phenotypes have chromosomal anomalies in the Chr15q11–q13 region. Numerous potential candidate genes linked with ASD reside in this chromosomal segment. However, several clinical, in vivo, and in vitro studies selected one gene more frequently than others randomly and unbiasedly. This gene codes for UBE3A or Ubiquitin protein ligase E3A [also known as E6AP ubiquitin-protein ligase (E6AP)], an enzyme involved in the cellular degradation of proteins. This gene has been listed as one of the several genes with a high potential of causing ASD in the Autism Database. The gain of function mutations, triplication, or duplication in the UBE3A gene is also associated with ASDs like Angelman Syndrome (AS) and Dup15q Syndrome. The genetic imprinting of UBE3A in the brain and a preference for neuronal maternal-specific expression are the key features of various ASDs. Since the UBE3A gene is involved in two main important diseases associated with autism-like symptoms, there has been widespread research going on in understanding the link between this gene and autism. 
  • 259
  • 05 Jan 2024
Topic Review
Immortalization of Human B Cells
Human B cell immortalization that maintains the constant growth characteristics and antibody expression of B cells in vitro is very critical for the development of antibody drugs and products for the diagnosis and bio-therapeutics of human diseases. Human B cell immortalization methods include Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) transformation, Simian virus 40 (SV40) virus infection, in vitro genetic modification, and activating CD40, etc. Immortalized human B cells produce monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) very efficiently, and the antibodies produced in this way can overcome the immune rejection caused by heterologous antibodies. It is an effective way to prepare mAbs and an important method for developing therapeutic monoclonal antibodies. 
  • 441
  • 04 Jan 2024
Topic Review
Helios in the Immune System
The Helios protein (encoded by the IKZF2 gene) is a member of the Ikaros transcription family and it has recently been proposed as a promising biomarker for systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) disease progression in both mouse models and patients. Helios is beginning to be studied extensively for its influence on the T regulatory (Treg) compartment, both CD4+ Tregs and KIR+/Ly49+ CD8+ Tregs, with alterations to the number and function of these cells correlated to the autoimmune phenomenon.
  • 193
  • 04 Jan 2024
Topic Review
Eukaryotic DNA Polymerases
DNA polymerases constitute a versatile group of enzymes that not only perform the essential task of genome duplication but also participate in various genome maintenance pathways, such as base and nucleotide excision repair, non-homologous end-joining, homologous recombination, and translesion synthesis. Polymerases catalyze DNA synthesis via the stepwise addition of deoxynucleoside monophosphates to the 3′ primer end in a partially double-stranded DNA.
  • 303
  • 04 Jan 2024
Topic Review
Selenoproteins in Health
Selenoproteins (SePs) from Se-enriched agricultural foods have attracted increasing attention due to their bioactivities, indicating that Se-containing foods have great potential to be used as natural functional materials for dietary Se supplements. Selenoproteins account for a significant portion of the total Se content in various Se-enriched foods. It can be obtained from plant-based, animal-based sources, and also fungi and yeast sources, which not only provide essential amino acids but also possess physicochemical properties of both Se and proteins. Additionally, Se-containing peptides (SePPs) have also been prepared from Se-enriched plants, such as rice, green tea, soybean, and tuna to explore their potential health benefits. In addition, a variety of factors, including components, amino acid species and sequences, molecular weight, Se status, and structure can significantly affect the bioactivities and functional applications. As several of the SePs identified in mammals are critical selenoenzymes in cells, animal foods that are rich in these SePs are of particular importance. Although Se is not deemed as a crucial element for higher plants, some plants can still integrate it into SePs. Several SePs have been identified in higher plants, including those found in mammalian cells such as GPxs, TrxRs, and selenocysteine methyltransferases. These proteins are also involved in various plant physiology processes, such as antioxidant defense, redox regulation, and Se metabolism.
  • 164
  • 04 Jan 2024
Topic Review
Targeting Signalling Pathways in Chronic Wound Healing
Chronic wounds fail to achieve complete closure and are an economic burden to healthcare systems due to the limited treatment options and constant medical attention. Chronic wounds are characterised by dysregulated signalling pathways.
  • 130
  • 04 Jan 2024
Topic Review
Sampling of Non-Electrochemical Sweat Sensors
Sweat, commonly referred to as the ultrafiltrate of blood plasma, is an essential physiological fluid in the human body. It contains a wide range of metabolites, electrolytes, and other biologically significant markers that are closely linked to human health. Compared to other bodily fluids, such as blood, sweat offers distinct advantages in terms of ease of collection and non-invasive detection. 
  • 267
  • 04 Jan 2024
Topic Review
Matrix Vesicles and Media Vesicles
Mineralization-competent cells, including hypertrophic chondrocytes, mature osteoblasts, and osteogenic-differentiated smooth muscle cells secrete media extracellular vesicles (media vesicles) and extracellular vesicles bound to the extracellular matrix (matrix vesicles). Media vesicles are purified directly from the extracellular medium. On the other hand, matrix vesicles are purified after discarding the extracellular medium and subjecting the cells embedded in the extracellular matrix or bone or cartilage tissues to an enzymatic treatment. 
  • 231
  • 04 Jan 2024
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