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Topic Review
Vascular Inflammation and Atherosclerosis
Atherosclerosis (AS) is a chronic metabolic disorder and the primary cause of cardiovascular diseases, resulting in substantial morbidity and mortality worldwide. Initiated by endothelial cell stimulation, AS is characterized by arterial inflammation, lipid deposition, foam cell formation, and plaque development. Certain nutrients such as carotenoids, polyphenols, and vitamins can prevent the atherosclerotic process by modulating inflammation and metabolic disorders through the regulation of gene acetylation states, mediated with histone deacetylases (HDACs).
  • 452
  • 06 Jun 2023
Topic Review
Vascular Endothelial Growth Factors
Vascular endothelial growth factors (VEGFs) are primary regulators of blood and lymphatic vessels. Hemangiogenic VEGFs (VEGF-A, PlGF, and VEGF-B) target mostly blood vessels, while the lymphangiogenic VEGFs (VEGF-C and VEGF-D) target mostly lymphatic vessels. Blocking VEGF-A is used today to treat several types of cancer (“antiangiogenic therapy”). However, in other diseases, it would be beneficial to do the opposite, namely to increase the activity of VEGFs. For example, VEGF-A could generate new blood vessels to protect from heart disease, and VEGF-C could generate new lymphatics to counteract lymphedema. Clinical trials that tried to stimulate blood vessel growth in ischemic diseases have been disappointing so far, and the first clinical trials targeting the lymphatic vasculature have progressed to phase II. Antiangiogenic drugs targeting VEGF-A such as bevacizumab or aflibercept neutralize the growth factor directly. However, since VEGF-C and VEGF-D are produced as inactive precursors, novel drugs against the lymphangiogenic VEGFs could also target the enzymatic activation of VEGF-C and VEGF-D. Because of the delicate balance between too much and too little vascular growth, a detailed understanding of the activation of the VEGF-C and VEGF-D is needed before such concepts can be converted into safe and efficacious therapies.
  • 3.1K
  • 30 Mar 2021
Topic Review
Vascular Endothelial Glycocalyx
Vascular endothelial cells are a monolayer of cells that comprise the innermost layer of cells in the vascular system, including arteries, veins, and capillaries, and serve a barrier function for the blood vessels surrounding all organs and in direct contact with the blood flowing through the vascular lumen.
  • 1.1K
  • 30 Dec 2020
Topic Review
Vascular Endothelial Cell Senescence and Death
Endothelial cells (ECs) form the inner linings of blood vessels, and are directly exposed to endogenous hazard signals and metabolites in the circulatory system. The senescence and death of ECs are not only adverse outcomes, but also causal contributors to endothelial dysfunction, an early risk marker of atherosclerosis. The pathophysiological process of EC senescence involves both structural and functional changes and has been linked to various factors, including oxidative stress, dysregulated cell cycle, hyperuricemia, vascular inflammation, and aberrant metabolite sensing and signaling. Multiple forms of EC death have been documented in atherosclerosis, including autophagic cell death, apoptosis, pyroptosis, NETosis, necroptosis, and ferroptosis. Despite this, the molecular mechanisms underlying EC senescence or death in atherogenesis are not fully understood.
  • 230
  • 17 Oct 2023
Topic Review
Vascular Complications Caused by Tibial Osteochondroma
Osteochondromas are the most common benign primary bone tumors in growing patients representing about 35–45% of all benign bone tumors. About 90% of these occur sporadically and are usually solitary. Osteochondromas occur most often around the knee (40%) and proximal tibial is affected in 15–20%. Vascular complications are rare and include vessel perforation and thrombosis, arterial thromboembolic events and pseudoaneurysm formation. 
  • 306
  • 26 May 2022
Topic Review
Vascular Cambium
The vascular cambium is the main lateral meristem responsible for the secondary growth of trees. There are a number of explicit and implicit assumptions behind this statement which allow questions to be raised about the mechanism underlying the radial growth of trees. Based on the hypothesis of the diurnal strains of plant organs, it is anticipated that the process of radial growth can be understood as an adaptation to the cyclically changing mechanical stress in the radial direction generated by the phloem during the 24 h day cycle.
  • 530
  • 24 Jul 2023
Topic Review
Vascular Calcification
A variety of actively regulated processes on cellular and systemic level with various contributing and inhibiting factors can result in vascular calcification (VC). Currently, treatment is limited to management of risk factors including regulation of the calcium-phosphate metabolism. Due to the complex pathophysiology, the mechanisms underlying ectopic calcification are studied in various, distinctly different research models. Beside in vitro models using cells of different origin, ex vivo settings using aortic tissue are available. In addition, various in vivo disease-induced animal models are currently used in research. All of these experimental settings depict (patho)physiologic mechanisms within the vascular calcification process.
  • 882
  • 29 Oct 2020
Topic Review
Vascular bundles
Vascular bundles play important roles in transporting nutrients, growth signals, amino acids, and proteins between aerial and underground tissues. 
  • 6.7K
  • 26 Feb 2021
Topic Review
Vascular Anomalies
Vascular anomalies include various diseases, which are classified into two types according to the International Society for the Study of Vascular Anomalies (ISSVA) classification: vascular tumors with proliferative changes of endothelial cells, and vascular malformations primarily consisting of structural vascular abnormalities. Vascular lesions had been habitually termed ‘hemangioma’ or ‘angioma’ in both Japan and Europe/the United States based on the impression that most anomalies are ‘tumors’. On the contrary, hemangioma simplex and cavernous hemangioma, for example, are actually morphological abnormalities of capillary blood vessels or veins, respectively, despite the disease name “hemangioma”. These diseases differ from tumors in a narrow sense, which refers to autonomous cell proliferation. In addition to such problems with disease naming and nomenclature, vascular lesions can occur at various ages and in various organs, meaning they may require treatment in various hospital departments, so improved common terms/language are essential for mutual understanding.
  • 435
  • 11 Mar 2022
Biography
Varun Grover
Varun Grover (born 1959) is an American Information systems researcher, who is the David D. Glass Endowed Chair and Distinguished Professor at the Walton School of Business, University of Arkansas. From 2002-17, he was the William S. Lee (Duke Energy) Distinguished Professor of Information Systems at Clemson University, where he taught doctoral seminars on methods and information systems.[1] He
  • 376
  • 13 Dec 2022
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