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Topic Review Peer Reviewed
Animal Models in Neuroscience: What is the “Culture of Care”?
In situations where animal models (AMs) are necessary, as in the field of neuroscience, a strong culture of care must be supported and established. The pivotal question remains: how can we uphold a robust “culture of care”? In the multifaceted domain of neuroscience research, AMs traverse a spectrum shaped by conflicting viewpoints, anthropocentrism and pathocentrism, where established scientific norms intersect with ethical deliberations. Anthropocentrism, representative of conventional scientific approaches, may prioritize scientific goals potentially to the detriment of animal welfare. Conversely, pathocentrism places significant importance on the ethical treatment and well-being of AMs. This divergence of approach prompts the imperative development of a robust culture of care framework within research institutions, advocating for animal welfare, ethical responsibility, and adherence to regulatory standards. In this review, we refer to a European view of animal care, discussing internationally valid concepts that find rebuttal in the current European legislation. This review meticulously analyzes the many facets of the culture of care, particularly for neuroscience studies involving AMs, illustrating the principles, practices, and collaborations critical to overcoming ethical expectations. This commitment increases credibility and builds trust in the public and research spheres, underscoring the critical importance of a culture of care in the ethics of neuroscience research.
  • 641
  • 02 Feb 2024
Topic Review
Cladosporium Entomopathogenicity
The range of interactions between Cladosporium, a ubiquitous fungal genus, and insects, a class including about 60% of the animal species, is extremely diverse. Conventionally, Cladosporium species are not considered full-right representatives of the guild of entomopathogens, which is generally restricted to specialized fungi such as Beauveria, Metarhizium and Lecanicillium/Akanthomyces. However, like other fungi that are widely associated with crops such as Trichoderma and Talaromyces, the evidence is increasing that Cladosporium may also infect insects and cause epizootics in pest populations or promote plant defense reactions.
  • 147
  • 02 Feb 2024
Topic Review
Fish and Seafood Safety
Toxic metals that are released into aquatic environments from natural and anthropogenic sources are absorbed by aquatic organisms and may threaten the health of both aquatic organisms and humans. Despite this, there have been limited studies on the metal concentrations in fish and humans in Central Asia. 
  • 153
  • 02 Feb 2024
Topic Review
Renewable Feedstocks on PHA Production by Extremophiles
Polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs) are biodegradable polymers with immense potential in addressing the global plastic pollution crisis and advancing sustainable bioplastics production. Extremophiles are capable of utilizing a broad range of carbonaceous substrates for their growth and metabolism. Production of PHA using refined or pure sugar substrates leads to an increase in overall production cost (approximately 30–50%). Thus, the use of renewable feedstocks may reduce the overall cost, provided that the processing of such biomass to generate simple sugars should not be complex and/or expensive. Few studies have shown PHA production by extremophiles fed on renewable feedstocks such as those from agricultural wastes and industrial wastes. Among them, spent cooking oils, crude glycerol, and cheese whey are some of the important and low-cost substrates that come from various industries. In addition, it has been argued that the use of methane by thermophilic methanotrophs results in a reduction of up to 22% in PHA production cost. Other C1 carbon sources such as CO2 can also be used for PHA production. 
  • 175
  • 02 Feb 2024
Topic Review
Enhancing Animal Production through Smart Agriculture
Smart livestock farming utilizes technology to enhance production and meet food demand sustainably. Smart agriculture employs modern technology to improve efficiency, sustainability, and animal welfare in livestock farming. This includes remote monitoring, GPS-based animal care, robotic milking, smart health collars, predictive disease control, and other innovations.
  • 337
  • 02 Feb 2024
Topic Review
Agricultural Bioinputs Obtained by Solid-State Fermentation
Agriculture plays a major role on society, especially in developing countries which rely on commodity exportation markets. To maintain high crop productivity, the use of agrochemicals was once employed as the main strategy, which in turn affected soil, water, and human health. In order to aid this issue, identifying some alternatives, such as the implementation of biofertilizers and inoculants as bioinputs in modern agriculture, are imperative to improve ecosystem quality. Among these bioinputs, a few bioproducts have shown good performances, such as phytohormones (e.g., auxins and giberellins), biosurfactants, and other enzymes; thus, it is extremely important to assure the quality and feasibility of their production in biorefinery scenarios. These bioproducts can be synthesized through fermentation processes through utilizing plant biomasses and agricultural byproducts as carbon sources. In this sense, to increase the tecno-economical availability of these processes, the implementation of solid-state fermentation (SSF) has shown great potential due to its ease of operation and cost-attractiveness.
  • 320
  • 01 Feb 2024
Topic Review
Protective Genes against Cancer
Richard Peto’s paradox, first described in 1975 from an epidemiological perspective, established an inverse correlation between the probability of developing cancer in multicellular organisms and the number of cells. Larger animals exhibit fewer tumors compared to smaller ones, though exceptions exist. Mice are more susceptible to cancer than humans, while elephants and whales demonstrate significantly lower cancer prevalence rates than humans. How nature and evolution have addressed the issue of cancer in the animal kingdom remains largely unexplored. In the field of medicine, much attention has been devoted to cancer-predisposing genes, as they offer avenues for intervention, including blocking, downregulating, early diagnosis, and targeted treatment. Predisposing genes also tend to manifest clinically earlier and more aggressively, making them easier to identify. 
  • 156
  • 01 Feb 2024
Topic Review
The Gut–Liver–Brain Axis
The gut–liver–brain axis constitutes a multidirectional communication network that connects the enteric, hepatic, and central nervous systems. Through the complex interplay between the gut–liver, gut–brain, and liver–brain axes, this communication network extends to involve endocrine, immune (humoral), and metabolic routes of communication. Within the network, the gut and liver affect cognitive behaviors through the host’s immune responses and the regulation of microbiota, and the brain also influences intestinal and hepatic activities. Studies in animals have shown that an impaired gut–liver–brain axis is associated with diseases such as hepatic encephalopathy, Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson’s disease, Multiple Sclerosis, depression, and autism spectrum disorder (ASD).
  • 312
  • 01 Feb 2024
Topic Review
Porcine Epidemic Diarrhea Virus
Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) is a porcine enteric coronavirus, which is one of the main causative agents of porcine epidemic diarrhea (PED), with 100% morbidity and 80–100% mortality in neonatal piglets. Since 2010, large-scale PED caused by highly pathogenic variants of PEDV has occurred successively in China and other countries in the world, posing a great threat to the global pig industry.
  • 131
  • 01 Feb 2024
Topic Review
Doxorubicin-Induced Cardiomyopathy
Germline mutations in Breast cancer susceptibility genes 1 and 2 (BRCA1 and BRCA2) cause breast, ovarian, and other cancers, and the chemotherapeutic drug doxorubicin (Dox) is widely used to treat these cancers. Dox use is limited by the latent induction of severe cardiotoxicity known as Dox-induced cardiomyopathy, for which there are no specific treatments currently available. Dox is administered into the systemic circulation, where it readily translocates into sub-cellular compartments and disrupts the integrity of DNA.
  • 397
  • 01 Feb 2024
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