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Topic Review
Vitamin D for COVID-19 Vaccination
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 is a new, highly pathogenic virus that has recently elicited a global pandemic called the 2019 coronavirus disease (COVID-19). COVID-19 is characterized by significant immune dysfunction, which is caused by strong but unregulated innate immunity with depressed adaptive immunity. Reduced and delayed responses to interferons (IFN-I/IFN-III) can increase the synthesis of proinflammatory cytokines and extensive immune cell infiltration into the airways, leading to pulmonary disease. The development of effective treatments for severe COVID-19 patients relies on our knowledge of the pathophysiological components of this imbalanced innate immune response. Strategies to address innate response factors will be essential. Significant efforts are currently underway to develop vaccines against SARS-CoV-2. COVID-19 vaccines, such as inactivated DNA, mRNA, and protein subunit vaccines, have already been applied in clinical use. Various vaccines display different levels of effectiveness, and it is important to continue to optimize and update their composition in order to increase their effectiveness. However, due to the continuous emergence of variant viruses, improving the immunity of the general public may also increase the effectiveness of the vaccines. Many observational studies have demonstrated that serum levels of vitamin D are inversely correlated with the incidence or severity of COVID-19. Extensive evidence has shown that vitamin D supplementation could be vital in mitigating the progression of COVID-19 to reduce its severity. Vitamin D defends against SARS-CoV-2 through a complex mechanism through interactions between the modulation of innate and adaptive immune reactions, ACE2 expression, and inhibition of the renin-angiotensin system (RAS). 
  • 775
  • 07 Sep 2021
Topic Review
Vitamin D Deficiency on Chronic Kidney Disease
Vitamin D has important anti-inflammatory, anti-microbial properties and plays a central role in the host immune response. Due to the crucial role of the kidneys in the metabolism of vitamin D, patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) are prone to vitamin D deficiency.
  • 155
  • 14 Mar 2024
Topic Review
Vitamin D Deficiency
Vitamin D was found to counteract insulin resistance via  participation in the maintenance of normal resting reactive oxygen species level and regulation of Ca2+ level in many cell types. Both genomic and non-genomic action of vitamin D is directed to insulin signaling. Thereby, vitamin D  reduces the extent of pathologies associated with insulin resistance such as oxidative stress and inflammation. Therefore, the beneficial actions of vitamin D include an improvement of glucose and lipid metabolism in insulin-sensitive tissues, and in consequence the diminish of insulin resistance.
  • 1.1K
  • 30 Sep 2020
Topic Review
Vitamin D and Skeletal Muscle
Aging is associated with impairment in skeletal muscle mass and contractile function, predisposing to fat mass gain, insulin resistance and diabetes.  At cell and animal levels, that VitD treatments had positive effects on the development of muscle fibres in cells in culture, skeletal muscle force and hypertrophy. 
  • 402
  • 22 May 2021
Topic Review
Vitamin D and SIRT1 in Non-Communicable Diseases
Vitamin D and SIRT1 have direct and indirect influence of the regulation of transcription and epigenetic changes and are related to cytoplasmic signaling pathways such as PLC/DAG/IP3/PKC/MAPK, MEK/Erk, insulin/mTOR/cell growth, proliferation; leptin/PI3K-Akt-mTORC1, Akt/NFĸB/COX-2, NFĸB/TNFα, IL-6, IL-8, IL-1β, and AMPK/PGC-1α/GLUT4, among others. Several vitamin D metabolites are generated in the liver, the kidney, and in other tissue types, which are then excreted in the urine. The most investigated and important forms are 24-hydroxylated (i.e., 24,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3, 1,24,25-trihydroxyvitamin D3); these forms are converted from 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 and 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3, respectively. CYP24A1 24-hydroxylase enzyme, which is responsible for these conversions—similarly to CYP27B1, a multicomponent enzyme in the mitochondria—is regulated by calcium, phosphorus, and 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 through VDR, the receptor of vitamin D. Long-term imbalance in this system or an inappropriate amount of cytochrome P450 enzymes—which control the production, regulation, and degradation of vitamin D—can cause vitamin D insufficiency-related diseases. Thus, abnormally elevated levels of CYP24A1 can create a deficit in vitamin D levels, since this enzyme is uniquely responsible for the catabolism of vitamin D. Elevated levels of CYP24A1 are observed in breast, prostate, esophageal, colon, and lung cancers, genetically linked hypophosphatemia, diabetic nephropathy, and chronic kidney disease (CKD). Deficiency of vitamin D can also develop due to an inadequate amount of sun exposure and insufficient nutritional supplementation, or it can appear as a result of certain diseases, e.g., diabetes, cancer, chronic kidney disease, or genetically linked hypophosphatemia.
  • 355
  • 28 Apr 2023
Topic Review
Vitamin D and Resveratrol Performances in COVID-19
A variety of observational epidemiological studies have reported that vitamin D deficiency is often a crucial factor in many inflammatory diseases and autoimmune diseases, as well as the susceptibility to contract infectious diseases, including acute respiratory infections. Similarly, resveratrol regulates immunity, modifying the gene expression and the release of proinflammatory cytokines in the immune cells. Therefore, it plays an immunomodulatory role that can be beneficial in the prevention and development of non-communicable diseases associated with inflammation. Since both vitamin D and resveratrol also act as immunomodulators in inflammatory pathologies, many studies have paid particular attention to an integrated treatment of either vitamin D or resveratrol in the immune reaction against SARS-CoV-2 infections.
  • 184
  • 28 Jun 2023
Topic Review
Vitamin D and Primary Ciliary Dyskinesia
Primary ciliary dyskinesia (PCD) is a genetic disease characterized by abnormalities in ciliary structure/function. Low plasmatic level of this vitamin is present in the PCD population. The utility of vitamin D supplementation may be essential in this group of individuals.
  • 673
  • 04 Nov 2021
Topic Review
Vitamin D against COVID-19
Many studies suggest that vitamin D improves immune function, reducing susceptibility to infection. In contrast, an extensive number of scientific studies highlight its immunosuppressive effects. Thus, it seems that vitamin D supports immune response under physiological conditions, but it also has an active role in autoimmunity prevention. In short, its effects would depend on the immunological situation of the patient.
  • 441
  • 30 Dec 2021
Topic Review
Vitamin C Intervention for Critical COVID-19
Coronaviruses are single-stranded ribonucleic acid viruses comprising a lipid bilayer containing crown-like spikes (Latin, Corona = Crown) on their outer surface.
  • 470
  • 18 Nov 2021
Topic Review
Vitamin C in Various Diets
Recent research studies have shown that vitamin C (ascorbic acid) may affect bone mineral density and that a deficiency of ascorbic acid leads to the development of osteoporosis. Patients suffering from an inflammatory bowel disease are at a risk of low bone mineral density. It is vital to notice that patients with Crohn’s disease and ulcerative colitis also are at risk of vitamin C deficiency which is due to factors such as reduced consumption of fresh vegetables and fruits, i.e., the main sources of ascorbic acid. Additionally, some patients follow diets which may provide an insufficient amount of vitamin C. The entry contains information about vitamin C content and impact of various diets- Mediterranean diet, vegetarian diets, low-carbohydrates diets and low-FODMAP diet- on bone mineral density and inflammatory bowel disease course. 
  • 761
  • 08 Sep 2020
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