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Topic Review
Ion Channels of Nociception
Acute pain plays the vital role protecting our health whereas chronic and pathological pain are debilitating conditions.  However molecular mechanisms of pain which are the keys for pain relief remain largely unaddressed. Nevertheless, new molecular actors with important roles in pain mechanisms are being characterized, such as the mechanosensitive Piezo ion channels. This study presents modern trends and promising advances in the field of molecular mechanisms of pain. 
  • 914
  • 24 Mar 2021
Topic Review
STAC3 Disorder
STAC3 disorder (formerly known as Native American myopathy) is a condition that primarily affects skeletal muscles, which are muscles that the body uses for movement.
  • 914
  • 24 Dec 2020
Topic Review
Solid-State NMR
Solid-state NMR is a structural biology approach that can provide information about large molecular assemblies at the atomic level. Contrary to solution-state NMR, it does not have any theoretical size limitation, and is performed on solids, i.e. sediments, crystals or powders which are filled into so-called 'NMR rotors'. To average some interactions, solid-state NMR requires to spin the rotors at the 'magic' angle and at high spinning frequencies. The NMR chemical shifts give a fingerprint of molecules, which can be used to characterize structural differences, and can be applied to different types of proteins such as viral capsids, membrane proteins, amyloid fibrils, etc...
  • 914
  • 13 Oct 2020
Topic Review
Cashew Production in Tanzania
Tanzania is one of the largest cashew producers in Africa, with exports providing 10-15 percent of the country's foreign exchange. The country is the eighth-largest grower of cashew nut in the world and ranks fourth in Africa. The country provides 20% of Africa's cashew nut and only trails in production of Nigeria, Cote D'Ivoire, and Guinea-Bissau, according to figures released in 2012 by United Nations Food and Agricultural Organisation (FAO). The country has been engaged in the production of the cash crop since before independence in the years 1960s however, poor regulation and lack of reliable payments to farmers have posed significant challenges to the Cashew Nut farming industry in Tanzania. Guinea-Bissau, a country a tenth of the area of Tanzania's, has a significantly greater yield. The cash crop is usually cultivated in the southern coastal regions of the country, near the towns of Mtwara, Kilwa and Dar es Salaam. The sale and marketing of the product is run by the Cashewnut Board of Tanzania, through various farmer co-operatives. More than ninety percent of the exports are destined for India and almost entirely in raw form. The lack of domestic processing firms costs the country vital foreign revenues and thousands of jobs. The Tanzanian government has been facing challenges for finding potential investors in order to revive the cashew processing industry in Tanzania.
  • 914
  • 16 Nov 2022
Topic Review
ADCADN
Autosomal dominant cerebellar ataxia, deafness, and narcolepsy (ADCADN) is a nervous system disorder with signs and symptoms that usually begin in mid-adulthood and gradually get worse.
  • 914
  • 04 Jan 2021
Topic Review
Chemical Chaperones
Chemical chaperones are well known as inhibitors of protein and peptide self-assembly, as well as structural stabilizers of misfolded enzymes. We discovered that chemical chaperones inhibit adenine self-assembly both in a yeast model and in vitro. According to our study, chemical chaperones might have a dual function as enhancers of enzyme stability and as inhibitors of toxic metabolite self-assembly. This novel approach could be implemented for the rational design of inhibitors that target metabolite self-assembly as therapeutics for inborn errors of metabolism.
  • 914
  • 15 Sep 2021
Topic Review
TRNT1 and tRNA Maturation
tRNA nucleotidyl transferase 1 (TRNT1) is an essential enzyme catalyzing the addition of terminal cytosine-cytosine-adenosine (CCA) trinucleotides to all mature tRNAs, which is necessary for aminoacylation. It was recently discovered that partial loss-of-function mutations in TRNT1 are associated with various, seemingly unrelated human diseases including sideroblastic anemia with B-cell immunodeficiency, periodic fevers, and developmental delay (SIFD), retinitis pigmentosa with erythrocyte microcytosis, and progressive B-cell immunodeficiency. In addition, even within the same disease, the severity and range of the symptoms vary greatly, suggesting a broad, pleiotropic impact of imparting TRNT1 function on diverse cellular systems. This entry describes the current state of knowledge of the TRNT1 function and the phenotypes associated with mutations in TRNT1.
  • 913
  • 05 Nov 2020
Topic Review
Bovine Colostrum for Human Consumption
High quality colostrum is a valuable raw material in food products. The quality of colostrum is classified by low bacterial counts and adequate immunoglobulin (Ig) concentrations. Bacterial contamination can contain a variety of high counts of spoilage bacteria or pathogens. The supply of good quality bovine colostrum is required. The microbial safety of bovine colostrum is increased using an appropriate processing, e.g. heat treatment, which does not destroy the high nutritional value of colostrum. The heat treatment is cost-effective compared to other methods and heat treatment can be performed in both small- and large-scale production.
  • 913
  • 22 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Claws and Denticles of Coconut Crabs
The exoskeleton of the pinching side of claws with denticles and of the outer side without them on the coconut crab, Birgus latro, which is a rare organism, were studied using a materials science approach. The mechanical resistance of three claws of different sizes was investigated along the exoskeleton thickness from the outer surface to the inner surface, and the results were compared, including the contribution of the microstructure and chemical compositions. Mechanical properties, hardness (H) and stiffness (Er), were probed through nanoindentation tests.
  • 913
  • 28 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Non-Photosynthetic Melainabacteria (Cyanobacteria) in Human Gut
Gut microorganisms are comprised of thousands of species and play an important role in the host’s metabolism, overall health status, and risk of disease. Cyanobacteria are the oldest organisms on earth, and their fossil record possibly tracked back to ~3.5 billion years ago. The emergence of the oxygenic photosynthesis of cyanobacteria was associated with the rise of oxygen in the earth’s atmosphere (also known as the Great Oxygenation Event) ~2.1 billion years ago.
  • 913
  • 22 Apr 2022
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