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Topic Review
GJB2 Missense Variants
The GJB2 gene is the most common gene responsible for hearing loss (HL) worldwide, and missense variants are the most abundant type. GJB2 pathogenic missense variants cause nonsyndromic HL (autosomal recessive and dominant) and syndromic HL combined with skin diseases.
  • 299
  • 08 May 2023
Topic Review
Phytochemistry and Pharmacological Effect of Annona muricata
The Annonaceae family contains different types of bioactive chemical properties, such as alkaloids, acetogenins, flavonoids, terpenes, and essential oil, meaning the plants in this family are potential therapeutic agents. In vitro and in vivo studies have shown that A. muricata has the pharmacological effects of anti-cancer, anti-microbial, antioxidant, anti-ulcer, anti-diabetic, anti-hypertensive, and wound healing. 
  • 346
  • 08 May 2023
Topic Review
Apelinergic System in Pregnancy
The apelinergic system is a highly conserved pleiotropic system. It comprises the apelin receptor apelin peptide jejunum (APJ) and its two peptide ligands, Elabela/Toddler (ELA) and apelin, which have different spatiotemporal localizations. This system has been implicated in the regulation of the adipoinsular axis, in cardiovascular and central nervous systems, in carcinogenesis, and in pregnancy in humans. During pregnancy, the apelinergic system is essential for embryo cardiogenesis and vasculogenesis and for placental development and function. It may also play a role in the initiation of labor. The apelinergic system seems to be involved in the development of placenta-related pregnancy complications, such as preeclampsia (PE) and intrauterine growth restriction, but an improvement in PE-like symptoms and birth weight has been described in murine models after the exogenous administration of apelin or ELA.
  • 624
  • 08 May 2023
Topic Review
Heat Stress on Meat Quality Status
Heat stress is one of the most stressful events in livestock life, negatively impacting animal health, productivity, and product quality. 
  • 687
  • 08 May 2023
Topic Review
Mesenchymal Stem Cells in Targeting Triple-Negative Breast Cancer
Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) lacks estrogen receptor, progesterone receptor, and human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 expressions, making targeted therapies ineffective. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have emerged as a promising approach for TNBC treatment by modulating the tumor microenvironment (TME) and interacting with cancer cells.
  • 520
  • 08 May 2023
Topic Review
Functions of Lysosomes
Lysosomes are essential organelles of eukaryotic cells and are responsible for various cellular functions, including endocytic degradation, extracellular secretion, and signal transduction. There are dozens of proteins localized to the lysosomal membrane that control the transport of ions and substances across the membrane and are integral to lysosomal function. Mutations or aberrant expression of these proteins trigger a variety of disorders, making them attractive targets for drug development for lysosomal disorder-related diseases. 
  • 876
  • 08 May 2023
Topic Review
Deregulated Metabolic Pathways in Ovarian Cancer
Cancer cells thrive on cellular metabolism to facilitate their growth, uncontrolled proliferation, invasiveness, and metastasis. In cancer cells, multiple metabolic pathways were altered compared to their normal counterparts so that these cancer cells survive and sustain themselves against the changing conditions in the tumor microenvironment.
  • 348
  • 08 May 2023
Topic Review
Biological Production of Vanillin
Vanillin (4-hydroxy-3-methoxybenzaldehyde), the primary ingredient in vanilla bean or pod extracts, possesses a rich, creamy, and distinctive vanilla smell, which is also one of the most significant aromas in the world. Vanillin can serve as a flavoring agent in the food industry (about 60%), a pharmaceutical intermediate in the pharmaceutical industry (about 7%), and a scent ingredient in the cosmetics sector (about 33%).
  • 1.1K
  • 08 May 2023
Topic Review
The Role of Hydrogen Sulfide in Macrophage Biology
Macrophages are cells in the innate immune system that provide the first line of defense against invading pathogens. Macrophages are classified broadly within two types of polarization states: classically activated (M1) and alternatively activated (M2). Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) has been increasingly recognized as a crucial inflammatory mediator in immune cells, particularly macrophages, due to its direct and indirect effects on cellular signaling, redox homeostasis, and energy metabolism. The intricate regulation of endogenous H2S production and metabolism involves the coordination of transsulfuration pathway (TSP) enzymes and sulfide oxidizing enzymes, with TSP’s role at the intersection of the methionine pathway and glutathione synthesis reactions.
  • 341
  • 08 May 2023
Topic Review
Tumor Immune Microenvironment in ccRCC
Clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC) is a type of kidney cancer that arises from the cells lining the tubes of the kidney. The tumor immune microenvironment (TIME) of ccRCC is a complex interplay of various immune cells, cytokines, and signaling pathways. One of the critical features of the ccRCC TIME is the presence of infiltrating immune cells, including T cells, B cells, natural killer cells, dendritic cells, and myeloid-derived suppressor cells. The complex interplay between the immune system and the tumor in ccRCC has important implications for developing new treatment strategies. Immunotherapy, which aims to activate the immune system to recognize and eliminate tumor cells, has shown promise in the treatment of ccRCC, and several immune-based therapies have been approved for clinical use.
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  • 08 May 2023
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