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Topic Review
Approaches in Enhancing Arsenic Tolerance in Plants
The non-essential metalloid arsenic (As) is widely distributed in soil and underground water of many countries. Arsenic contamination is a concern because it creates threat to food security in terms of crop productivity and food safety. Plants exposed to As show morpho-physiological, growth and developmental disorder which altogether result in loss of productivity. At physiological level, As-induced altered biochemistry in chloroplast, mitochondria, peroxisome, endoplasmic reticulum, cell wall, plasma membrane causes reactive oxygen species (ROS) overgeneration which damage cell through disintegrating the structure of lipids, proteins, and DNA.  Thirst of plants researchers are increasing for searching and establishing proper strategies to increase plant defense mechanisms upon As-induced oxidative stress. Therefore, exogenous different elicitors like plant nutrients, hormone, antioxidants, osmolytes, signaling molecules, different chelating agents, microbial inoculants, organic amendments etc. were used in different plant species upon exposure to As stress to evaluate their roles in reducing oxidative injury through upregulating antioxidants activities.
  • 362
  • 10 May 2023
Topic Review
Oromotor Nonverbal Performance and Speech Motor Control
This position research offers a perspective on the long-standing debate concerning the role of oromotor, nonverbal gestures in understanding typical and disordered speech motor control secondary to neurological disease. Oromotor nonverbal tasks are employed routinely in clinical and research settings, but a coherent rationale for their use is needed. The use of oromotor nonverbal performance to diagnose disease or dysarthria type, versus specific aspects of speech production deficits that contribute to loss of speech intelligibility, is argued to be an important part of the debate. Framing these issues are two models of speech motor control, the Integrative Model (IM) and Task-Dependent Model (TDM), which yield contrasting predictions of the relationship between oromotor nonverbal performance and speech motor control.
  • 263
  • 10 May 2023
Topic Review
Interleukins as Biomarkers in Colorectal Cancer
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the third most common cause of cancer-related deaths worldwide. Risk factors for CRC include obesity, a diet low in fruits and vegetables, physical inactivity, and smoking. CRC has a poor prognosis, and there is a critical need for new diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers to reduce related deaths. Studies have focused more on molecular testing to guide targeted treatments for CRC patients. The most crucial feature of activated immune cells is the production and release of growth factors and cytokines that modulate the inflammatory conditions in tumor tissues. The cytokine network is valuable for the prognosis and pathogenesis of colorectal cancer as they can aid in the cost-effective and non-invasive detection of cancer. A large number of interleukins (IL) released by the immune system at various stages of CRC can act as “biomarkers”. They play diverse functions in colorectal cancer, and include IL-4, IL-6, IL-8, IL-11, IL-17A, IL-22, IL-23, IL-33, TNF, TGF-β, and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), which are pro-tumorigenic genes. 
  • 531
  • 10 May 2023
Topic Review
α-Synuclein Epigenetic Regulation
Synucleinopathies are a group of neurodegenerative diseases with common pathological lesions associated with the excessive accumulation and abnormal intracellular deposition of toxic species of α-synuclein. The shared clinical features are chronic progressive decline of motor, cognitive, and behavioral functions. These disorders include Parkinson’s disease, dementia with Lewy body, and multiple system atrophy. Vigorous research in the mechanisms of pathology of these illnesses is currently under way to find disease-modifying treatment and molecular markers for early diagnosis. α-Synuclein is a prone-to-aggregate, small amyloidogenic protein with multiple roles in synaptic vesicle trafficking, neurotransmitter release, and intracellular signaling events. Its expression is controlled by several mechanisms, one of which is epigenetic regulation.
  • 392
  • 10 May 2023
Topic Review
Health Benefits of Pistachios
Pistachio nuts are a plant-based complete protein providing all nine essential amino acids (EAA) in addition to an array of nutrients and phytochemicals. They have a Protein Digestibility-Corrected Amino Acid Score (PDCAAS) of 73 and 81%, (raw and roasted pistachios, respectively), higher than that of many other tree nuts. From an environmental perspective transitioning towards plant-based diets (including nuts) could have potential to reduce total/green water footprints. 
  • 753
  • 10 May 2023
Topic Review
Bioactive Macronutrients from Chlorella and Physical Exercise
Chlorella is a marine microalga rich in proteins and containing all the essential amino acids. Chlorella also contains fiber and other polysaccharides, as well as polyunsaturated fatty acids such as linoleic acid and alpha-linolenic acid. The proportion of the different macronutrients in Chlorella can be modulated by altering the conditions in which it is cultured. Physical exercise represents a stressful activity for the body’s cells, tissues, and organs, which dysregulates whole-body homeostasis in a progressive and reversible way. However, as a consequence of its regular and systematic practice, different cellular signaling pathways become activated and generate systemic and local chronic adaptations.
  • 243
  • 10 May 2023
Topic Review
AlphaFold Predictions in Viral Research
AlphaFold, a modern deep-learning algorithm, enables the prediction of protein structure to a high level of accuracy. It has been applied in numerous studies in various areas of biology and medicine. Viruses are biological entities infecting eukaryotic and procaryotic organisms. They can pose a danger for humans and economically significant animals and plants, but they can also be useful for biological control, suppressing populations of pests and pathogens. AlphaFold can be used for studies of molecular mechanisms of viral infection to facilitate several activities, including drug design.
  • 461
  • 10 May 2023
Topic Review
Plant-Associated Bacteria
Plant-associated bacteria may serve three different roles with respect to a host plant: mutualistic, commensal, or parasitic. Using beneficial bacteria to improve plant productivity is an area of research that has received much attention.
  • 617
  • 10 May 2023
Topic Review
Effects of Ursolic Acid Against Prostate Cancer
Prostate cancer is the second most diagnosed form of cancer in men worldwide (second to lung cancer). Finding novel approaches to prevent and treat prostate and other urogenital cancers effectively is of major importance. Chemicals derived from plants, such as docetaxel and paclitaxel, have been used in cancer treatment. Ursolic acid, found in high concentrations in cranberries, is a pentacyclic triterpenoid compound demonstrated to have anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and anticancer properties. 
  • 435
  • 10 May 2023
Topic Review
Lipidic Metabolism in Cancer
Altered cellular metabolism is a well-established hallmark of cancer. Although most studies have focused on the metabolism of glucose and glutamine, the upregulation of lipid metabolism is also frequent in cells undergoing oncogenic transformation. In fact, cancer cells need to meet the enhanced demand of plasma membrane synthesis and energy production to support their proliferation. Moreover, lipids are precursors of signaling molecules, termed lipid mediators, which play a role in shaping the tumor microenvironment. 
  • 249
  • 10 May 2023
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