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Topic Review
Biodiversity of Citrus
Citrus, belonging to the Rutaceae family, is a commercial fruit worldwide, and it is mainly recognized for its nutritional, anti-oxidant, and significant medicinal properties. Citruses are a group of multifaceted fruit crops with a rich traditional knowledge, deeply rooted in ethnic culture, and the fruits have been considered to be health-protecting and health-promoting food supplements since ancient times.
  • 661
  • 16 May 2023
Topic Review
Functional Role of STING
The cyclic GMP-AMP (cGAMP) synthase (cGAS) is a pattern recognition receptor that recognizes viral DNA present in the cytosol, activating the stimulator of interferon genes (STING) protein and leading to the production of type I interferons (IFN-I). Given its role in innate immunity activation, STING is considered an interesting and innovative target for the development of broad-spectrum antivirals.
  • 475
  • 16 May 2023
Topic Review
Mechanisms of Fe Deficiency in the Rhizosphere
One of the most significant constraints on agricultural productivity is the low availability of iron (Fe) in soil, which is directly related to biological, physical, and chemical activities in the rhizosphere. The rhizosphere has a high iron requirement due to plant absorption and microorganism density. Plant roots and microbes in the rhizosphere play a significant role in promoting plant iron (Fe) uptake, which impacts plant development and physiology by influencing nutritional, biochemical, and soil components. The concentration of iron accessible to these live organisms in most cultivated soil is quite low due to its solubility being limited by stable oxyhydroxide, hydroxide, and oxides. The dissolution and solubility rates of iron are also significantly affected by soil pH, microbial population, organic matter content, redox processes, and particle size of the soil. In Fe-limiting situations, plants and soil microbes have used active strategies such as acidification, chelation, and reduction, which have an important role to play in enhancing soil iron availability to plants. In response to iron deficiency, plant and soil organisms produce organic (carbohydrates, amino acids, organic acids, phytosiderophores, microbial siderophores, and phenolics) and inorganic (protons) chemicals in the rhizosphere to improve the solubility of poorly accessible Fe pools. The investigation of iron-mediated associations among plants and microorganisms influences plant development and health, providing a distinctive prospect to further our understanding of rhizosphere ecology and iron dynamics.
  • 326
  • 16 May 2023
Topic Review
Alcoholic Fermentation in Fruit Spirits
Fermentation is a metabolic process of conversion of an organic substrate by the action of enzymes. It is a completely natural process that occurs unhindered in nature.
  • 785
  • 16 May 2023
Topic Review
Tetrahydrocurcumin-Related Neuropathic Protection
Tetrahydrocurcumin (THC) is a metabolite of curcumin (CUR). The benefits of THC may be associated with various mechanisms, including antinociceptive, anti-inflammatory, Ca2+-accumulation-inhibitive, TNF-α suppression, neuroprotective, and antioxidant activities.
  • 455
  • 15 May 2023
Topic Review
Nanoencapsulation of Cyanidin 3-O-Glucoside
Cyanidin 3-O-glucoside (C3G) is a secondary metabolite naturally present in plants. It is a water-soluble bioactive compound belonging to the class of monomeric anthocyanin, one of the main classes of the flavonoid family. There has been considerable interest in work on anthocyanin derivatives. There are two main reasons for this increased interest: (i) anthocyanin derivatives are important sources of natural pigments primarily used as food colorants, (ii) and their regular consumption has significant health benefits. 
  • 610
  • 15 May 2023
Topic Review
Toll-Like Receptors and Alpha-Synuclein Proteotoxicity
The misfolding and subsequent abnormal accumulation and aggregation of α-Synuclein (αSyn) as insoluble fibrils in Lewy bodies and Lewy neurites is the pathological hallmark of Parkinson’s disease (PD) and several neurodegenerative disorders. A combination of environmental and genetic factors is linked to αSyn misfolding, among which neuroinflammation is recognized to play an important role. Indeed, a number of studies indicate that a Toll-like receptor (TLR)-mediated neuroinflammation might lead to a dopaminergic neural loss, suggesting that TLRs could participate in the pathogenesis of PD as promoters of immune/neuroinflammatory responses.
  • 460
  • 15 May 2023
Topic Review
Irrigation Management on Wheat Physiology, Yield, and Quality
Irrigation has been pivotal in sustaining wheat as a major food crop in the world and is increasingly important as an adaptation response to climate change. In the context of agricultural production responding to climate change, improved irrigation management plays a significant role in increasing water productivity (WP) and maintaining the sustainable development of water resources. Considering that wheat is a major crop cultivated in arid and semi-arid regions, which consumes high amounts of irrigation water, developing wheat irrigation management with high efficiency is urgently required. Both irrigation scheduling and irrigation methods intricately influence wheat physiology, affect plant growth and development, and regulate grain yield and quality. 
  • 373
  • 15 May 2023
Topic Review Peer Reviewed
Probiotics as Antibiotic Alternatives for Human and Animal Applications
Probiotics are live microorganisms recognized as natural candidates to substitute antibiotic substances, usually used to treat bacterial infections responsible for numerous human and animal diseases. Antibiotics are mostly prescribed for treating infections caused by bacteria. However, their excessive and inappropriate use has resulted in the increase of bacterial antimicrobial resistance (AMR) and host microbiota imbalance or dysbiosis phenomena. Even though antibiotics are the most well-known lifesaving substances, the AMR within the bacterial community has become a growing threat to global health, with the potential to cause millions of deaths each year in the future. Faced with these worldwide issues, it is high time to discover and develop antibiotic alternatives. There exists some evidence of probiotic roles in antagonizing pathogens, modulating immune systems, and maintaining general host health by restoring the gut microbiota balance. The multi-antimicrobial action mechanisms of such beneficial living microorganisms are one approach to practicing the “prevention is better than cure” concept to avoid antibiotics. The current review proposes a comprehensive description of antibiotic-related AMR issues and the potential of probiotics as antibiotic alternatives, while discussing pros and cons, as well as some evidence of beneficial uses of probiotics for human and animal health protection through recent results of experimental models and clinical trials.
  • 468
  • 15 May 2023
Topic Review
Regulatory T Cells in Primary Sjögren’s Syndrome
Regulatory T cells (Tregs) play a key role in maintaining immune balance and regulating the loss of self-tolerance mechanisms in various autoimmune diseases, including primary Sjögren’s syndrome (pSS). With the development of pSS primarily in the exocrine glands, lymphocytic infiltration occurs in the early stages, mainly due to activated CD4+ T cells.
  • 470
  • 15 May 2023
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