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Topic Review
STN DBS under General Anesthesia
Bilateral subthalamic nucleus (STN) Deep brain stimulation (DBS) is a well-established treatment in patients with Parkinson’s disease (PD). Traditionally, STN DBS for PD is performed by using microelectrode recording (MER) and/or intraoperative macrostimulation under local anesthesia (LA). However, many patients cannot tolerate the long operation time under LA without medication. In addition, it cannot be even be performed on PD patients with poor physical and neurological condition. Recently, it has been reported that STN DBS under general anesthesia (GA) can be successfully performed due to the feasible MER under GA, as well as the technical advancement in direct targeting and intraoperative imaging.
  • 994
  • 26 Oct 2020
Topic Review
Dietary zeaxanthin occurrence and bioaccessibility
This entry provides a comprehensive and exhaustive overview of natural food sources of zeaxanthin and their respective zeaxanthin bioaccessibility, while also placing emphasis on the importance of this oxygenated carotenoid in human health. The content of zeaxanthin in foods of different origin (plant-, animal- and microalgal-based food sources) has been reviewed and the in vitro accessibility results obtained by various research groups through the standardized INFOGEST protocol were compared among the different zeaxanthin food sources.
  • 994
  • 14 Sep 2020
Topic Review
Hemiboreal Tree Dynamics
Climate change and the associated disturbances have disrupted the relative stability of tree species composition in hemiboreal forests. The natural ecology of forest communities, including species occurrence and composition, forest structure, and food webs, have been affected. Yet, the hemiboreal forest zone of Lithuania is the least studied in the country for climate change risks and possible management adaption techniques. Moreover, the adverse effects of the phenomenon of global climate change can undermine the resilience of forest ecology in terms of its capacity for natural regeneration to occur successfully on the scale of the expected time. Especially since forests are meta-networks that constantly evolve toward the successional processes and patterns that cannot be reached at an individual species level. Therefore, in the context of hemiboreal forests, assisted natural regeneration lays the groundwork necessary to consider the life-cycle features of trees that affect the organic relationships between individual species and ecological communities indirectly via their effects on growth, reproduction, and survival, such as tree regeneration strategies that correspond to the various trade-offs in the adaptations to competition, stress, and forest disturbances. With the concept of assisted natural regeneration, embedded in the principle of deep ecology, the natural powers of forest ecology can be revitalized and fast-tracked to keep up with the pace of global climate change or even overtake it ahead its disruptions.
  • 995
  • 03 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Mechanisms of Phase Variation
Bacteria live in environments that are in constant flux, and therefore have developed numerous methods to adapt to their ever-changing surroundings. One of these methods of adaptation is called Phase Variation (PV) which is a mechanism of -high-frequency reversible gene expression switching that enables bacteria to generate heterogeneity to successfully compete in uncertain conditions. This entry details the mechanisms of PV and takes a look at them in the context of examples from different bacterial species, with a focus on S. aureus. 
  • 994
  • 02 Mar 2021
Topic Review
Aurora Kinase B in Cancer
Aurora kinase B (AURKB) is a mitotic serine/threonine protein kinase that belongs to the aurora kinase family along with aurora kinase A (AURKA) and aurora kinase C (AURKC). AURKB is a member of the chromosomal passenger protein complex and plays a role in cell cycle progression.
  • 994
  • 23 Jun 2021
Topic Review
Neural Stem Cell
Stem cells have extensive proliferative potential and the ability to differentiate into one or more mature cell types. The mechanisms by which stem cells accomplish self-renewal provide fundamental insight into the origin and design of multicellular organisms. These pathways allow the repair of damage and extend organismal life beyond that of component cells, and they probably preceded the evolution of complex metazoans.
  • 994
  • 11 Mar 2021
Topic Review
OTOF-Associated Hearing Impairment
Otoferlin, an essential synaptic protein in the auditory sensory inner hair cells, is encoded by the gene OTOF. Biallelic variants in OTOF are associated with autosomal recessive auditory neuropathy or synaptopathy (DFNB9). Since its discovery in 1996, roughly 220 causally-associated variants have been uncovered. The prevalence of OTOF-associated hearing loss varies according to population. A higher molecular genetic diagnostic yield has been reported in patients with prelingual auditory synaptopathy, making this very specific clinical feature a useful criterion for OTOF diagnostic testing. Apart from this clinical hallmark, genotype-phenotype correlations are rather complex and include a variant that causes temperature-sensitive auditory neuropathy (p.Ile515Thr) and three variants that have so far been associated with progressive hearing impairment. Several founder variants have been reported in the Asian and European populations. A complete landscape of genomic variation at the DFNB9 locus remains to be determined and improvements in genomics technologies may eventually uncover novel insights into possible missing variants. A complete understanding of OTOF variants is essential for the success of current and future therapies.
  • 993
  • 13 Jan 2021
Topic Review
Increasing Disease-Resistance in Cereals
Nowadays, biotechnology represents our best resource both for protecting crop yield and for a science-based increased sustainability in agriculture. Over the last decades, agricultural biotechnologies have made important progress based on the diffusion of new, fast and efficient technologies, offering a broad spectrum of options for understanding plant molecular mechanisms and breeding. This knowledge is accelerating the identification of key resistance traits to be rapidly and efficiently transferred and applied in crop breeding programs.
  • 993
  • 30 Jul 2021
Topic Review
Cannabis sativa
Cannabis sativa is one of the oldest medicinal plants in the world. It was introduced into Western medicine during the early 19th century. It contains a complex mixture of secondary metabolites, including cannabinoids and non-cannabinoid-type constituents. 
  • 993
  • 18 May 2021
Topic Review
Anti-inflammatory potential of Sesquiterpene Lactones
Inflammation is a crucial and complex process that reestablishes the physiological state after a noxious stimulus. In pathological conditions the inflammatory state may persist, leading to chronic inflammation and causing tissue damage. Sesquiterpene lactones (SLs) are composed of a large and diverse group of highly bioactive plant secondary metabolites, characterized by a 15-carbon backbone structure. In recent years, the interest in SLs has risen due to their vast array of biological activities beneficial for human health. The anti-inflammatory potential of these compounds results from their ability to target and inhibit various key pro-inflammatory molecules enrolled in diverse inflammatory pathways, and prevent or reduce the inflammatory damage on tissues. Research on the anti-inflammatory mechanisms of SLs has thrived over the last years, and numerous compounds from diverse plants have been studied, using in silico, in vitro, and in vivo assays. Besides their anti-inflammatory potential, their cytotoxicity, structure–activity relationships, and pharmacokinetics have been investigated.
  • 993
  • 14 Jul 2021
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