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Topic Review
Physicochemical Characteristics of Exosomes
Exosomes have been proposed as prospective “Trojan horse” nanocarriers of anticancer theranostics owing to their biocompatibility, increased stability, permeability, negligible immunogenicity, prolonged circulation time, and high loading capacity.
  • 515
  • 26 May 2023
Topic Review
Lemna Is Productive and Nutritious in Low Light
Land plants adjust growth rate, protein content, and antioxidant content in response to their environment. These acclimatory adjustments in plant form and function may require several days and development of a new leaf. An apparent lesser need for such acclimation is demonstrated here for the floating aquatic plant Lemna minor with a focus on its response to the growth light environment. Relevant features of L. minor include unusually high growth rates, photosynthetic capacities, and protein content coupled with the ability to produce high levels of photoprotective xanthophylls (which are essential human micronutrients) across a wide range of growth light environments without compromising photosynthetic efficiency.
  • 383
  • 26 May 2023
Topic Review
Comparing Environmental Enrichment in Kenneled Shelter Dogs
Dogs in shelters are often exposed to unavoidable stressful events. Finding effective and novel enrichment for dogs, especially the longer they stay in that environment, is a significant welfare concern. Researchers wanted to compare the effectiveness of enrichment items as a stress buffer for shelter dogs during the acute stressor of the morning cleaning and to support a proposed prescription system of enrichment. This new system would focus on post-enrichment behaviors. Tactile items, such as blankets and the scent of lavender, were the most effective at reducing stress-related behaviors seen in kenneled dogs rather than the more commonly used food enrichment items. The results suggest that the type of enrichment item should be thoughtfully chosen during acute stress events, which would then optimize a shelter’s limited resources, decrease stress-indicative behaviors, and indirectly reduce the need for euthanasia by increasing adoption rates. 
  • 293
  • 26 May 2023
Topic Review
SidE Family Proteins in Pathogenesis of Legionella pneumophila
Legionella pneumophila is the causative agent of Legionnaires’ disease, causing fever and lung infection, with a death rate up to 15% in severe cases. In the process of infection, Legionella pneumophila secretes over 330 effectors into host cell via the Dot/Icm type IV secretion system to modulate multiple host cellular physiological processes, thereby changing the environment of the host cell and promoting the growth and propagation of the bacterium. Among these effector proteins, SidE family proteins from Legionella pneumophila catalyze a non-canonical ubiquitination reaction, which combines mono-ADP-ribosylation and phosphodiesterase activities together to attach ubiquitin onto substrates. Meanwhile, the activity of SidE family proteins is also under multiple modulations by other effectors.
  • 349
  • 26 May 2023
Topic Review
HER2 Intratumoral Heterogeneity in Breast Cancer
HER2 intratumoral heterogeneity (ITH) is a well-known phenomenon in breast cancer, defined as the coexistence of subpopulations of tumor cells with different HER2 gene or protein expression within a tumor. HER2 ITH has been reported in up to 40% of breast cancers and to be associated with poor prognosis in patients with anti-HER2 targeted therapies and was proposed to be a potential mechanism for anti-HER2 resistance. HER2 ITH can be divided into non-genetic and genetic ITH based on different HER2 genetic amplification and genetic ITH has clustered, mosaic and scattered distribution patterns. 
  • 334
  • 26 May 2023
Topic Review
Short Interfering RNAs
RNA interference (RNAi) has inarguably been a revolutionary discovery in the field of biology in the last several decades. The discovery of small (20–30 nucleotide long) non-coding RNAs that can regulate genes and the genome completely transformed RNA biology. These small RNAs can guide effector proteins targeting any complementary nucleotide sequence through the RNAi pathway, thereby downregulating its expression level. Napoli and Jorgensen first reported small RNA-mediated gene regulation in plants while working with chalcone synthase (CHS) in petunia.
  • 247
  • 26 May 2023
Topic Review
Characteristics of MondoA and ChREBP
MondoA (also known as MLX-interacting protein, MLXIP) and ChREBP, also known as MLX-interacting protein-like (MLXIPL), are two paralogous transcription factors that play vital roles in glucose and lipid metabolism. MondoA and ChREBP are each a basic helix–loop–helix/leucine zipper (bHLH/LZ) transcription factor that forms a heterodimeric complex with Max-like protein X (MLX) to regulate gene expression in response to glucose and other nutrients. MondoA regulates the expression of genes involved in glucose metabolism, glycogen synthesis, triglyceride synthesis, and insulin signaling, and it has been implicated in the development of metabolic diseases such as obesity, insulin resistance, and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). ChREBP, on the other hand, regulates the expression of genes involved in glucose and lipid metabolism, glycolysis, and de novo lipogenesis (DNL) in response to carbohydrate intake.
  • 295
  • 25 May 2023
Topic Review
CCCTC-Binding Factor for Chromatin Regulation
Chromatin, a macromolecular complex of DNA, RNA, and proteins, provides a framework for the packaging of genetic material within the cell nucleus. Its organization plays a crucial role in gene expression and is regulated by a diverse array of protein complexes in response to a dynamic code of histone posttranslational modifications and DNA modifications. Architectural proteins are essential epigenetic regulators that play a critical role in organizing chromatin and controlling gene expression. CTCF (CCCTC-binding factor) is a key architectural protein responsible for maintaining the intricate 3D structure of chromatin. Because of its multivalent properties and plasticity to bind various sequences, CTCF is similar to a Swiss knife for genome organization.
  • 391
  • 25 May 2023
Topic Review
Cold-Adapted Proteases
The modern biotechnology industry has a demand for macromolecules that can function in extreme environments. One example is cold-adapted proteases, possessing advantages such as maintaining high catalytic efficiency at low temperature and low energy input during production and inactivation. Meanwhile, cold-adapted proteases are characterised by sustainability, environmental protection, and energy conservation; therefore, they hold significant economic and ecological value regarding resource utilisation and the global biogeochemical cycle.
  • 396
  • 25 May 2023
Topic Review
Targeting Immunosuppressive Adenosine Signaling
The tumor microenvironment regulates many aspects of cancer progression and anti-tumor immunity. Cancer cells employ a variety of immunosuppressive mechanisms to dampen immune cell function in the tumor microenvironment. While immunotherapies that target these mechanisms, such as immune checkpoint blockade, have had notable clinical success, resistance is common, and there is an urgent need to identify additional targets. Extracellular adenosine, a metabolite of ATP, is found at high levels in the tumor microenvironment and has potent immunosuppressive properties. Targeting members of the adenosine signaling pathway represents a promising immunotherapeutic modality that can potentially synergize with conventional anti-cancer treatment strategies. 
  • 319
  • 25 May 2023
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