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Topic Review
P2RX7
P2RX7 belongs to the family of P2X receptors that are assembled and active when in their trimeric form. Each monomer is composed of two transmembrane domains that are connected by a large extracellular loop, and an N- and C- termini domain located intracellularly. However, unlike other members, P2RX7 has a long intracellular C-terminal domain that structurally distinguishes it from the others and confers its unique biological activities. Even though all seven members of the P2X receptors recognize eATP, they are activated with various affinities that range from 0.5 µM for P2RX3 to over 100 µM for P2RX7. Thus, activation of P2RX7 requires high levels of eATP, levels that are found in the tumor microenvironment (TME) which controls the three main activities of the receptor: cationic exchange, macropore opening and NLRP3 inflammasome activation.
  • 255
  • 09 Jun 2023
Topic Review
Role of Antimicrobial Peptides in Autoimmune Disorders
The antimicrobial peptides are present in many parts of the human body such as skin, mucosae, etc., that are exposed to microbes. AMPs are typically produced together as a mixture of several peptides, with tissue-specific unique AMP combinations. While specific AMPs are more prevalent in particular parts of the body, very few are exclusively produced by a single tissue or cell type. Almost all AMPs have multiple functions. AMPs, such as defensins and cathelicidins, were initially identified and studied due to their antimicrobial properties. Defensins and cathelicidins possess various immunomodulatory activities apart from their broad spectrum of activity against pathogens.
  • 442
  • 09 Jun 2023
Topic Review
The Female Reproductive Tract Microbiota
Many intrinsic and extrinsic factors influences the female reproductive tract microbiota (FRTM) that directly affects the reproductive health. It is believed that FRTM dominated by Lactobacilli may play an essential role in obstetric health beyond the woman’s intimate comfort and well-being. Women with altered microbiota may face numerous health-related issues. Altered microbiota can be manipulated and restored to their original shape to re-establish normal reproductive health. 
  • 524
  • 08 Jun 2023
Topic Review
Innate Immunity of the Small Intestine
The small intestine has a huge surface area that is further enhanced by villi and microvilli to facilitate the digestion and absorption of nutrients. The expanded surface area of the small intestine increases the likelihood of exposure to pathogens in the lumen. The small intestine must balance the need for nutrient absorption with the ability to ward off pathogens. The majority of the immune cells in the body reside in the mucosa-associated tissues and the mesenchymal tissues of the gastrointestinal tract (GIT). The gut-associated lymphoid tissues (GALT) play a vital role in the development of the immunity of the entire body, as most of the antigens that get into the body are transported to the GIT for processing by its innate immunity before being delivered to the adaptive immunity.
  • 504
  • 08 Jun 2023
Topic Review
Potato Phytochemicals
Potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) has gradually become a stable food worldwide since it can be a practical nutritional supplement and antioxidant as well as an energy provider for human beings. Financially and nutritionally, the cultivation and utility of potatoes is worthy of attention from the world. Exploring the functionality and maximizing the utilization of its component parts as well as developing new products based on the potato is still an ongoing issue. To maximize the benefits of potato and induce new high-value products while avoiding unfavorable properties of the crop has been a growing trend in food and medical areas. 
  • 569
  • 08 Jun 2023
Topic Review
Importance of Mud Crab in Saline Water Ecosystems
Mud crabs genus Scylla (S. serrata, S. tranquebarica, S. olivacea, and S. paramamosain) is an important member of mangrove/estuarine saline water ecosystems than other crustaceans due to its major activities (biological burrowing and bioturbation creation) in protecting and spreading mangrove forests. Mud crabs are generally found in estuaries, especially in mangrove forests of India, Taiwan, Japan, China, South Africa, Indonesia, and the Philippines of Indo-Pacific places. Similarly, Malaysia, Singapore, Western Samoa, Salmon Island, Fiji, and New Caledonia are big mud crabs habitats.
  • 1.4K
  • 08 Jun 2023
Topic Review
PPARγ Functions in the Placenta and Trophoblasts
The increasing incidence of pregnancy complications, particularly gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) and preeclampsia (PE), is a cause for concern, as they can result in serious health consequences for both mothers and infants. The pathogenesis of these complications is still not fully understood, although it is known that the pathologic placenta plays a crucial role. Studies have shown that PPARγ, a transcription factor involved in glucose and lipid metabolism, may have a critical role in the etiology of these complications.
  • 318
  • 08 Jun 2023
Topic Review
Protonophore and Ionophore Effects of Bile Acids
Bile acids are signaling molecules and being amphiphilic compounds, are also capable of modifying the properties of cell membranes and their organelles.
  • 283
  • 08 Jun 2023
Topic Review
POLRMT Inhibition as an Anti-Cancer Strategy
Transcription of the mitochondrial genome is essential for the maintenance of oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) and other functions directly related to this unique genome. Considerable evidence suggests that mitochondrial transcription is dysregulated in cancer and cancer metastasis and contributes significantly to cancer cell metabolism. The inhibitors of the mitochondrial DNA-dependent RNA polymerase (POLRMT) were identified as potentially attractive new anti-cancer compounds. These molecules (IMT1, IMT1B) inactivate cancer cell metabolism through reduced transcription of mitochondrially-encoded OXPHOS subunits such as ND1-5 (Complex I) and COI-IV (Complex IV). 
  • 378
  • 08 Jun 2023
Topic Review
Glutathione System from Cyanobacteria to Higher Eukaryotes
From bacteria to plants and humans, the glutathione system plays a pleiotropic role in cell defense against metabolic, oxidative and metal stresses. Glutathione (GSH), the γ-L-glutamyl-L-cysteinyl-glycine nucleophile tri-peptide, is the central player of this system that acts in redox homeostasis, detoxification and iron metabolism in most living organisms. GSH directly scavenges diverse reactive oxygen species (ROS), such as singlet oxygen, superoxide anion, hydrogen peroxide, hydroxyl radical, nitric oxide and carbon radicals. It also serves as a cofactor for various enzymes, such as glutaredoxins (Grxs), glutathione peroxidases (Gpxs), glutathione reductase (GR) and glutathione-S-transferases (GSTs), which play crucial roles in cell detoxication.
  • 567
  • 08 Jun 2023
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