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Topic Review
Synthetic Biology Applications in Food Safety and Security
With an ever-growing global population, issues of food safety and security, as well as addressing pollution and striving for sustainability are of the utmost importance. Synthetic biology offers a unique, exciting range of solutions to address these urgent and growing challenges.
  • 650
  • 29 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Synthetic Biology and Its Application in Bioremediation
Synthetic biology is a scientific field based on biology and engineering principles, with the purpose of redesigning and restructuring microorganisms to optimize or create new biological systems with enhanced features. Developing innovative, fast, safe, and cost-effective techniques for elimination of pollutants is of great importance. For this reason, the use of this discipline offers improvement of bioremediation processes. 
  • 1.7K
  • 15 Apr 2022
Topic Review
Synthesis, Characterization, and Applications of Bioactive Metallic Nanoparticles
Nanoparticles (NPs) are elements derived from a cluster of atoms with one or more dimensions in the nanometer scale in the range of 1–100 nm. The bio nanofabrication of metallic NPs is now an important dynamic area of research, with major significance in applied research. Biogenic synthesis of NPs is more desirable than physical and chemical synthesis due to its eco-friendliness, non-toxicity, lower energy consumption, and multifunctional nature. Plants outperform microorganisms as reducing agents as they contain large secondary biomolecules that accelerate the reduction and stability of the NPs. The produced NPs can then be studied spectroscopically (UV-Visible, XRD, Raman, IR, etc.) and microscopically (SEM, TEM, AFM, etc.). The biological reduction of a metallic ion or its oxide to a nanoparticle is quick, simple, and maybe scaled up at room temperature and pressure. The rise in multi-drug resistant (MDR) microbes due to the immoderate use of antibiotics in non-infected patients is a major cause of morbidity and mortality in humans. The contemporary development of a new class of antibiotics with different mechanisms of action to kill microbes is crucial. Metals and their oxides are extremely toxic to microbes at unprecedentedly low concentrations. In addition, prevailing infections in plants and animals are raising significant concerns across the globe. NPs’ wide range of bioactivity makes them ideal antimicrobial agents in agricultural and medical fields. The present research outlines the synthesis of metallic NPs from botanicals, which enables the metals to be in a stabilized form even after ionization. It also presents a valuable database on the biofunctionalization of synthesized NPs for further drug development.
  • 662
  • 19 Apr 2022
Topic Review
Synthesis of Silver Nanostructure
Silver nanoparticles are one of the commonly used metal materials for SP because of their high sensitivity to refractive index change, convenient synthesis, and high controllable degree of shape and size. Silver nanoparticles of different sizes and shapes are used in many fields. Various synthesis methods have undergone many improvements over time and technological developments in order to provide precise control over the shape and size of the synthesized silver nanoparticles. Silver nanoparticle fabrication is usually divided into two categories: top-down and bottom-up.
  • 484
  • 19 Apr 2023
Topic Review
Synthesis of Plant Nanoparticles
Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) are toxic to microorganisms and can potentially kill multidrug-resistant bacteria. Nanoparticles can be synthesized in many ways, such as physical or chemical methods. Plant-based nanoparticles are considered eco-friendly as their production methods can effectively replace chemical reduction processes.
  • 388
  • 20 May 2022
Topic Review
Synthesis of Natural Disesquiterpenoids
Natural disesquiterpenoids represent a small group of secondary metabolites characterized by complex molecular scaffolds and interesting pharmacological profiles. The intriguing architectures and the interesting pharmacological profile of sesquiterpene dimers attracted the attention of synthetic chemists in the attempt to duplicate the efficiency and the selectivity of natural processes under laboratory conditions.
  • 566
  • 24 Apr 2021
Topic Review
Synthesis of Ilamycins/Rufomycins and Cyclomarins
Ilamycins/rufomycins and cyclomarins are marine cycloheptapeptides containing unusual amino acids. Produced by Streptomyces sp., these compounds show potent activity against a range of mycobacteria, including multidrug-resistant strains of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. The cyclomarins are also very potent inhibitors of Plasmodium falciparum. Biosynthetically the cyclopeptides are obtained via a heptamodular nonribosomal peptide synthetase (NRPS) that directly incorporates some of the nonproteinogenic amino acids. A wide range of derivatives can be obtained by fermentation, while bioengineering also allows the mutasynthesis of derivatives, especially cyclomarins. Other derivatives are accessible by semisynthesis or total synthesis, reported for both natural product classes.
  • 1.0K
  • 03 Sep 2021
Topic Review
Synthesis and Metabolism of H2S in Lung Cancer
Lung cancer is one of the 10 most common cancers in the world, which seriously affects the normal life and health of patients. The mechanisms of action of the occurrence and development of lung cancer have not been fully clarified. As a new type of gas signal molecule, hydrogen sulfide (H2S) has received great attention for its physiological and pathological roles in mammalian cells. It has been found that H2S is widely involved in the regulation of the respiratory system and digestive system, and plays an important role in the occurrence and development of lung cancer.
  • 538
  • 13 Jan 2023
Topic Review
Syngeneic Tumor Models
Developments in cancer immunotherapy mean that complex cancer animal models which accurately relfect the tumor and its environment are required now more than ever. Mice remain good animals to investigate as they are relatively inexpensive, have short reproductive cycle, exhibit high tumor growth rates, and can be genetically modified. Despite being good models, some drugs which look promising in murine models still fail when trialed in humans. Increasing reliability is essential and the tumor model must reflect the tumor and its microenvironment including immune cells, to which the action of immunotherapeutic drugs are directed. This review investigates discusses the current immunocompetent and immunocompromised mouse models used to evaluate the effectiveness of immunotherapeutic agents, in particular chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T-cells and immune checkpoint inhibitors.
  • 2.2K
  • 09 Nov 2020
Topic Review
Syngas Fermentation to Bio-Alcohols
Biomass gasification produces syngas, mainly comprised of CO and H2 along with H2S, CO2, N2, and tar compounds. Inorganic carbon present in syngas as CO and CO2 can be utilized for the production of several value-added chemicals including ethanol, higher alcohols, fuels, and hydrogen using microbial sysytem.
  • 560
  • 26 Apr 2023
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