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Topic Review
Syrah Grape Skin Residues as Antioxidant Source
In recent years, the valorization of agro-industrial by-products has become evident, due to the extensive information available on their valuable contents of bioactive compounds that promote many beneficial effects on human health, such as reducing the risk of developing chronic disease, e.g., cancer, neurodegenerative and cardiovascular diseases.
  • 466
  • 08 Dec 2021
Topic Review
Synthetic Vulnerabilities in the KRAS Pathway
Mutations in Kristen Rat Sarcoma viral oncogene (KRAS) are among the most frequent gain-of-function genetic alterations in human cancer. Most KRAS-driven cancers depend on its sustained expression and signaling. Despite spectacular recent success in the development of inhibitors targeting specific KRAS alleles, the discovery and utilization of effective directed therapies for KRAS-mutant cancers remains a major unmet need.
  • 422
  • 24 Jun 2022
Topic Review
Synthetic Proteins in Dental Applications
Biotechnology and artificial intelligence have sparked a revolution in dentistry, with a focus on restoring natural tissue functions. This transformation has given rise to bioactive materials, inspired by biomimetics, aimed at replicating the processes found in nature. As synthetic biology advances, there is a heightened focus on signaling systems crucial for bio-based diagnostics and therapeutics. Dentistry now harnesses synthetic proteins for tissue regeneration and dental material enhancement. A current research priority is bacterial biofilm inhibition, vital for dental health. Given the role of Streptococcus mutans in dental caries, the development of synthetic antimicrobial peptides targeting this bacterium is underway. The balance of dental enamel between demineralization and remineralization impacts caries formation. Factors such as the presence of hydroxyapatite and salivary peptides influence enamel health. Recent studies have spotlighted salivary protein-inspired peptides for enhanced remineralization.
  • 221
  • 29 Jan 2024
Topic Review
Synthetic Polymers and Protein Fibrillation under Crowded Conditions
Protein amyloid fibrils have widespread implications for human health. Fibrillation has been studied using a variety of crowding agents to mimic the packed interior of cells or to probe the mechanisms and pathways of the process. One commonly used class of crowding agents is synthetic polymers. Complex effects are observed depending on the specific paring of polymer and fibrillating protein, but generally crowding with synthetic polymers favors fibrillation.
  • 462
  • 22 Jul 2022
Topic Review
Synthetic Oleanolic Acid Derivatives
Oleanolic acid (3β-hydroxyolean-12-en-28-oic acid) is a pentacyclic triterpenoid, widely occurring in the plant kingdom, which includes edible and medicinal plants. The richest source of oleanolic acid (OA) are the leaves of the olive plant. Common culinary spices such as garden thyme and clove plants, as well as fruits, are also sources of OA.
  • 632
  • 22 Sep 2021
Topic Review
Synthetic mRNAs
The structure of synthetic mRNAs as used in vaccination against cancer and infectious diseases contain specifically designed caps followed by sequences of the 5′ untranslated repeats of β-globin gene. The strategy for successful design of synthetic mRNAs by chemically modifying their caps aims to increase resistance to the enzymatic deccapping complex, offer a higher affinity for binding to the eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4E (elF4E) protein and enforce increased translation of their encoded proteins. However, the cellular homeostasis is finely balanced and obeys to specific laws of thermodynamics conferring balance between complexity and growth rate in evolution. An overwhelming and forced translation even under alarming conditions of the cell during a concurrent viral infection, or when molecular pathways are trying to circumvent precursor events that lead to autoimmunity and cancer, may cause the recipient cells to ignore their differential sensitivities which are essential for keeping normal conditions. The elF4E which is a powerful RNA regulon and a potent oncogene governing cell cycle progression and proliferation at a post-transcriptional level, may then be a great contributor to disease development. This Fact Sheet underscores the basic elements from within the official text of publication to highlight the hallmarks of disease progression due to synthetic mRNAs stability structures (analogue caps, 5’ untranlslated repeats of β-globin gene and poly A tails) fundamentally used in design of all synthetic mRNAs to promote the efficiency of translation of their encoded sequences by the human cell and therefore the organism. Specific bullet points in bold mean for urgency of further toxicity evaluation studies that need to be overtaken in order to ensure for safety of mRNAs in vaccines at current stages of development.
  • 489
  • 01 Sep 2021
Topic Review
Synthetic Methodologies of Indole-3-Carbinol
Indole-3-Carbinol (I3C)  is an important phytochemical contained in cruciferous vegetables and is able to exert various activities among which are cardioprotective, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antiangiogenesis, and antimicrobial activities, the promotion of tumor cell apoptosis and, an important inhibition of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS)-CoV-2 viral egression, including the Omicron variant.
  • 484
  • 24 May 2023
Topic Review
Synthetic Infectious Prion Formation De Novo
Prion diseases are a class of neurodegenerative diseases that are uniquely infectious. Whilst their general replication mechanism is well understood, the components required for the formation and propagation of highly infectious prions are poorly characterized. The protein-only hypothesis posits that the prion protein (PrP) is the only component of the prion; however, additional co-factors are required for its assembly into infectious prions. These can be provided by brain homogenate, but synthetic lipids and non-coding RNA have also been used in vitro.
  • 302
  • 08 Feb 2023
Topic Review
Synthetic Cathinones
New psychoactive substances represent a public health threat since they are not controlled by international conventions, are easily accessible online and are sold as a legal alternative to illicit drugs. Among them, synthetic cathinones are widely abused due to their stimulant and hallucinogenic effects. To circumvent the law, new derivatives are clandestinely synthesized and, therefore, synthetic cathinones keep emerging on the drug market, with their chemical and toxicological properties still unknown.
  • 1.2K
  • 08 Jul 2022
Topic Review
Synthetic Biology towards Flavonoid Pharmacokinetics
Flavonoids are a structurally diverse class of natural products that have been found to have a range of beneficial activities in humans. However, the clinical utilisation of these molecules has been limited due to their low solubility, chemical stability, bioavailability and extensive intestinal metabolism in vivo. Recently, the view has been formed that site-specific modification of flavonoids by methylation and/or glycosylation, processes that occur in plants endogenously, can be used to improve and adapt their biophysical and pharmacokinetic properties. The traditional source of flavonoids and their modified forms is from plants and is limited due to the low amounts present in biomass, intrinsic to the nature of secondary metabolite biosynthesis. Access to greater amounts of flavonoids, and understanding of the impact of modifications, requires a rethink in terms of production, more specifically towards the adoption of plant biosynthetic pathways into ex planta synthesis approaches. Advances in synthetic biology and metabolic engineering, aided by protein engineering and machine learning methods, offer attractive and exciting avenues for ex planta flavonoid synthesis.
  • 1.3K
  • 04 Jun 2021
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