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Topic Review
Pol II Pausing during Daily Gene Transcription
Clock proteins and their collaborating transcription factors often act as distal enhancers to regulate the rhythmic transcription of gene promoters. Those transcription factors need to interact with the mediator complex and general transcription factors near the transcription start site to finally control transcription. Pol II pausing, which is determined by Pol II recruitment, pause release, and premature transcription termination near the transcription start site, plays a critical role in influencing the final transcription output.
  • 229
  • 17 Aug 2023
Topic Review
Genetics of Alternative Lateral Horse Gaits
In addition to the “natural” gaits of walk, trot, and canter/gallop found in nearly all horse breeds, there are additional gaits spontaneously displayed in certain domestic horse breeds (i.e., gaited horses). All of these additional gaits are symmetrical lateral sequence gaits, i.e., possessing a footfall pattern of left hind, left front, right hind, and right front, and so can be called alternative lateral gaits. What is known about the genetics of alternative lateral gaits is explored. Studies have shown a strong correlation of gaitedness in horses with possession of the A-allele of the DMRT3 "gait keeper" gene. Horses homozygous for the A-allele are able to perform a pacing gait and sustain it at high speeds. Horses that can perform a running walk, rack, or broken pace (stepping pace) are either heterozygous or homozygous for the A-allele of the "gait keeper" gene. The A-allele of this gene functions by disrupting coordination of diagonal or contralateral limbs and allowing retention of square or "singlefoot" gaits, wherein limbs move mostly independently of each other, into intermediate speed ranges. It now seems, however, that the broken trot gait (i.e. the fox trot) is not governed by the DMRT3 gene as select horse breeds lacking the A-allele can still perform this gait.
  • 535
  • 17 Aug 2023
Topic Review
Metal-Based Drugs for Lung Microbiome in COPD
The concept of the lung microbiome has been radically altered with the understanding that the human lung hosts a complex ecosystem comprised of bacteria, fungi, and viruses, which actively participate in maintaining respiratory health by contributing to immune modulation, pathogen displacement, and metabolic contributions. The composition of the respiratory microbiome is transient and determined by continuous microbial immigration (through microaspiration, inhalation, and direct mucosal spread), elimination (by the immune system and mucociliary clearance), and replication. The notion of a healthy lung microbiome refers to a state in which a multitude of beneficial microorganisms coexist in harmony, promoting an immune environment that is neither too reactive nor too lax, providing robustness against invading pathogens, and supporting the crucial function of the lungs. 
  • 292
  • 17 Aug 2023
Topic Review
Plant Phenolics in Abiotic Stress Tolerance
Secondary metabolites, such as phenols and salicylic, play a crucial role in the regulation of development and tolerance mechanisms against a wide range of stresses. During adverse conditions such as biotic and abiotic stresses, plants induce the biosynthesis of phenolic compounds to provide tolerance. Phenolics are secondary aromatic metabolites synthesized through the shikimate/phenylpropanoid pathway or polyketide acetate/malonate pathway, which produce monomeric and polymeric phenolics. Phenolic compounds in plants not only take part in preventing stresses but also in regulating physiological activities.
  • 386
  • 17 Aug 2023
Topic Review
Plant-Growth-Promoting Rhizobacteria in Salt Stress Tolerance in Crops
The use of beneficial microorganisms inhabiting the rhizosphere (PGPR) is a promising tool to alleviate salt stress in various crops and represents a strategy to increase agricultural productivity in salt soils. Increasing evidence underlines that PGPR affect plant physiological, biochemical, and molecular responses to salt stress. The mechanisms behind these phenomena include osmotic adjustment, modulation of the plant antioxidant system, ion homeostasis, modulation of the phytohormonal balance, increase in nutrient uptake, and the formation of biofilms
  • 305
  • 17 Aug 2023
Topic Review
Symptomatic Heterozygosity
As a rule of thumb, heterozygous carriers of variants associated with recessive diseases are asymptomatic. This can be confirmed by large population genetic studies and the asymptomatic status of heterozygous family members in segregation analyses. Symptomatic heterozygotes, defined as symptomatic carriers of a recessive autosomal disease, are individuals carrying only one copy of the pathogenic/likely pathogenic variant in biallelic autosomal Mendelian diseases. Considering the available literature, a symptomatic heterozygous status in autosomal diseases is extremely rare and has been based on case reports only, although some large studies have suggested an increased risk for some diseases among heterozygotes. Also, individuals who carry just one variant of the disease-causing gene and who display quite a severe phenotype are often not defined as symptomatic carriers per se; rather, they are classified as an example of a dominant inheritance with a milder disease form. Indeed, sometimes only a fine line exists between these two conditions. In addition, recent population studies investigating links between genetic variants and quantitative traits have shown a spectrum of subclinical phenotypes associated with heterozygosity in some disease variants. A broad range of intermediate subclinical phenotypes has suggested significant heterozygous phenotypic effects in some Mendelian biallelic diseases.
  • 349
  • 17 Aug 2023
Topic Review
Role of Macrophage lncRNAs in Mediating Inflammatory Processes
Long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) are molecules >200 bases in length without protein-coding functions implicated in signal transduction and gene expression regulation via interaction with proteins or RNAs, exhibiting various functions. The expression of lncRNAs has been detected in many cell types, including macrophages, a type of immune cell involved in acute and chronic inflammation, removal of dead or damaged cells, and tissue repair. Increasing evidence indicates that lncRNAs play essential roles in macrophage functions and disease development.
  • 284
  • 17 Aug 2023
Topic Review
Specialized Pro-Resolving Lipid Mediators
Resolvins (Rvs), Maresins (MaRs), Protectins (PDs), and Lipoxins (LXs), belong to a large group of molecules known as The Specialized Pro-resolving Lipid Mediators (SPMs). These compounds have been well-characterized since their identification as potent modulators of the immune response and for their effects on inflammation resolution. Furthermore, they have a potential effect on anti-tumor immunity.
  • 469
  • 17 Aug 2023
Topic Review
Long Noncoding RNAs in Breast Cancer
Breast cancer is a common cancer in women and a leading cause of mortality. With the early diagnosis and development of therapeutic drugs, the prognosis of breast cancer has markedly improved. Chemotherapy is one of the predominant strategies for the treatment of breast cancer. Taxanes, including paclitaxel and docetaxel, are widely used in the treatment of breast cancer and remarkably decrease the risk of death and recurrence. Taxane resistance caused by multiple factors significantly impacts the effect of the drug and leads to poor prognosis. Long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) have been shown to play a significant role in critical cellular processes, and a number of studies have illustrated that lncRNAs play vital roles in taxane resistance.
  • 196
  • 17 Aug 2023
Topic Review
SITE for the Management of Neurological Disorders
Sub-scalp Implantable Telemetric EEG (SITE) devices are under development for the treatment of epilepsy. However, beyond epilepsy, continuous EEG analysis could revolutionize the management of patients suffering from all types of brain disorders.
  • 259
  • 17 Aug 2023
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