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Topic Review
Temperate Phage
In the field of phage applications and clinical treatment, virulent phages have been in the spotlight whereas temperate phages received, relatively speaking, less attention. The fact that temperate phages often carry virulent or drug-resistant genes is a constant concern and drawback in temperate phage applications. However, temperate phages also play a role in bacterial regulation. The versatile use of temperate phages coupled with their inherent properties, such as economy, ready accessibility, wide variety and host specificity, make temperate phages a solid candidate in tackling bacterial infections. 
  • 619
  • 16 Feb 2023
Topic Review
Temozolomide Use in IDH-Mutant Gliomas
In this entry, we discuss the use of the alkylating agent temozolomide (TMZ) in the treatment of IDH-mutant gliomas. We describe the challenges associated with TMZ in clinical (drug resistance and tumor recurrence) and preclinical settings (variabilities associated with in vitro models) in treating IDH-mutant glioma.
  • 747
  • 03 Jun 2021
Topic Review
Temozolomide and Autophagy
Temozolomide is an oral alkylating agent that is used as the first line treatment for glioblastoma multiform, and in recurrent anaplastic astrocytoma, as well as having demonstrable activity in patients with metastatic melanoma. However, as the case with other chemotherapeutic agents, the development of resistance often limits the therapeutic benefit of temozolomide, particularly in the case of glioblastoma. A number of resistance mechanisms have been proposed including the development of cytoprotective autophagy. Cytoprotective autophagy is a survival mechanism that confers upon tumor cells the ability to survive in a nutrient deficient environment as well as under external stresses, such as cancer chemotherapeutic drugs and radiation, in part through the suppression of apoptotic cell death.
  • 302
  • 01 Mar 2023
Topic Review
Telomeric and Sub-Telomeric in Fungal
Telomeres are long non-coding regions found at the ends of eukaryotic linear chromosomes. Although they have traditionally been associated with the protection of linear DNA ends to avoid gene losses during each round of DNA replication, the role of these sequences and their adjacent regions go beyond just protecting chromosomal ends. Regions nearby to telomeric sequences have now been identified as having increased variability in the form of duplications and rearrangements that result in new functional abilities and biodiversity.
  • 374
  • 09 Oct 2023
Topic Review
Telomeres and Their Neighbors
Telomeres are essential structures formed from satellite DNA repeats at the ends of chromosomes in most eukaryotes. Satellite DNA repeat sequences are useful markers for karyotyping, but have a more enigmatic role in the eukaryotic cell. More research is needed until there is a complete picture of the biological function of telomere and other DNA satellite sequences, including chromatin structure, chromosome end-protection and species evolution with a particular focus on non-model organisms. The first problem to solve is the identification of telomere repeats, because telomere repeat identity is the foundation for any hypothesis about telomere maintenance and structure, or binding of specific  proteins. Celebrating Gregor Mendel’s anniversary by going to the principles behind the experiments, a selection of recent developments and underexplored areas of research from the past are illustrated in plants and insects. Indeed, much recent work has expanded beyond the human and yeast models traditional in telomere research. Classic methods from the past, and cutting-edge in silico methods are described. These do not require specialized equipment or expensive materials and can be used, often in combination, to aid research into telomeres and satellites. This can both enrich the general understanding of chromosome maintenance mechanisms and further explore the evolution of telomeres and telomerases.
  • 582
  • 22 Sep 2022
Topic Review
Telomeres and Cancer
Telomeres cap the ends of eukaryotic chromosomes and are indispensable chromatin structures for genome protection and replication. Telomere length maintenance has been attributed to several functional modulators, including telomerase, the shelterin complex, and the CST complex, synergizing with DNA replication, repair, and the RNA metabolism pathway components. As dysfunctional telomere maintenance and telomerase activation are associated with several human diseases, including cancer, the molecular mechanisms behind telomere length regulation and protection need particular emphasis. Cancer cells exhibit telomerase activation, enabling replicative immortality. Telomerase reverse transcriptase (TERT) activation is involved in cancer development through diverse activities other than mediating telomere elongation.
  • 710
  • 23 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Telomeres
To survive and reproduce, living organisms must maintain homeostasis both in unchallenged (normal) and challenged (stressful) contexts. This requires the evolution of powerful stress response mechanisms adapted to a particular ecosystem and to regular environmental fluctuations. Thus, these mechanisms may be very diverse within the tree of life. The pioneering work of Miroslav Radman on the stress response in bacteria demonstrated the rapid and adaptive value of changing mutation rates for rapid evolution (the mutator effect). In other words, to facilitate the survival of a species, whether it be to respond to a replication blockade or to a stressful environment, it is better to rapidly evolve by generating more mutations, some being possibly lethal, than to die immediately. We believe that this principle applies to the complex dynamics of telomeres in eukaryotes, which become altered in response to stress.
  • 799
  • 02 Jun 2021
Topic Review
Telomere-Binding Protein
Telomere-binding proteins (also known as TERF, TRBF, TRF) function to bind telomeric DNA in various species. In particular, telomere-binding protein refers to TTAGGG repeat binding factor-1 (TRF1) and TTAGGG repeat binding factor-2 (TRF2). Telomere sequences in humans are composed of TTAGGG sequences which provide protection and replication of chromosome ends to prevent degradation. Telomere-binding proteins can generate a T-loop to protect chromosome ends. TRFs are double-stranded proteins which are known to induce bending, looping, and pairing of DNA which aids in the formation of T-loops. They directly bind to TTAGGG repeat sequence in the DNA. There are also subtelomeric regions present for regulation. However, in humans, there are six subunits forming a complex known as shelterin.
  • 415
  • 16 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Telomere Structure and Homeostasis
Telomere dynamics play a crucial role in the maintenance of chromosome integrity; changes in telomere length may thus contribute to the development of various diseases including cancer. Understanding the role of telomeric DNA in carcinogenesis and detecting the presence of cell-free telomeric DNA (cf-telDNA) in body fluids offer a potential biomarker for novel cancer screening and diagnostic strategies. Telomeres are protected by specialized nucleoprotein capping structures consisting of DNA and shelterin protein complexes.
  • 862
  • 20 Apr 2023
Topic Review
Telomere Length and Male Fertility
Telomeres are evolutionary conserved,  multifunctional  DNA-protein complexes located at the ends of eukaryotic chromosomes. Infertility is the inability of a couple to conceive naturally after one year of regular unprotected sexual intercourse.  Male infertility is a complex multifactorial pathological condition with profoundly different phenotypic presentations. Lifestyle factors, genetics, and telomeres are associated with male infertility. A moderate involvement of telomere length in male infertility and SNPs to be pleiotropic and to be involved in other regulatory mechanisms independent from telomere homeostasis, but involved in the spermatogenic process.
  • 476
  • 18 May 2021
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